NCLEX Review - Pediatrics
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| Piaget's Period for Infancy | show 🗑
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| show | Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months): Development of a sense that the self is good and the world is good when consistent, predictable, reliable care is received; characterized by hope.
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| show | Preoperational Thought: Thinking remains egocentric, becomes magical, and is dominated by perception.
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| Erikson's Stage for Toddlers | show 🗑
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| show | Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yr): Development of a can-do attitude about the self; behavior becomes goal-directed, competitive, and imaginative; initiation into gender role; characterized by purpose.
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| Piaget's Period for School Age | show 🗑
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| Erikson's Stage for School Age | show 🗑
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| Piaget's Period for Adolescence | show 🗑
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| Erikson's Stage for Adolescence | show 🗑
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| Erikson's Stage for Young Adulthood | show 🗑
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| Erikson's Stage for Middle Adulthood | show 🗑
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| show | Ego Integrity vs. Despair (> 65 yr): Realization that there is order and purpose to life; characterized by wisdom.
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| show | by 4 years.
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| When does the child sit unsupported? | show 🗑
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| When does a child achieve 50% of adult height? | show 🗑
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| When does a child throw a ball overhand? | show 🗑
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| When does a child speak two- to three-word sentences? | show 🗑
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| show | 4 years.
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| When does a child tie his or her shoes? | show 🗑
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| show | a girl’s growth spurt during adolescence begins earlier than a boy’s (as early as 10 years of age).
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| Tanner Stage 1 | show 🗑
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| show | Boys: scrotum & testes enlargement; scrotum reddens & changes texture; Girls: Breast bud with elevation of breast and papilla; enlargement of areola; Both: Sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented hair, straight or curled, at base of penis/along labia
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| Tanner Stage 3 | show 🗑
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| show | Boys: Increased size of penis w/ growth in breadth & development of glans; testes & scrotum larger, scrotum darker; Girls: Areola and papilla form a secondary mound above level of breast; Both: adult hair, but covering smaller area; no spread to thighs
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| show | Boys: Adult genitalia; Girls: Mature stage: projection of papilla only, related to recession of areola; Both: Pubic hair adult in type and quantity, with horizontal distribution ("feminine")
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| Concept of bodily injury in Infants | show 🗑
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| Concept of bodily injury in Toddlers | show 🗑
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| show | They fear body mutilation.
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| show | They fear loss of control of their bodies.
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| Concept of bodily injury in Adolescents | show 🗑
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| Contraindication for DTaP vaccine | show 🗑
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| Contraindication for MMR vaccine | show 🗑
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| Varicella (chickenpox) symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | Discrete red maculopapular rash that starts on face and rapidly spreads to entire body and disappears within 3 days;
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| Exposure to what virus causes serious consequences to unborn fetus | show 🗑
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| show | Fever, headache, malaise, parotid gland swelling and tenderness; manifestations include submaxillary and sublingual infection, orchitis, and meningoencephalitis
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| show | an infestation of lice on humans.
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| List two contraindications to live virus immunization. | show 🗑
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| show | Photophobia, confluent rash that begins on the face and spreads downward, and Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa
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| show | Anemia; pale conjunctiva; pale skin color; atrophy of papillae on tongue; brittle, ridged, or spoon-shaped nails; and thyroid edema
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| show | Liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, peaches, and apricots
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| What disease occurs with vitamin C deficiency? | show 🗑
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| What measurements reflect present nutritional status? | show 🗑
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| show | Poor skin turgor, absence of tears, dry mucous membranes, weight loss, depressed fontanel, and decreased urinary output
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| show | Loss of bicarbonate/decreased serum pH, loss of sodium (hyponatremia), loss of potassium (hypokalemia), elevated Hct, and elevated BUN
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| How should burns in children be assessed? | show 🗑
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| How can the nurse best evaluate the adequacy of fluid replacement in children? | show 🗑
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| show | By being taught to lock all cabinets, to safely store all toxic household items in locked cabinets, and to examine the house from the child’s point of view
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| show | Assessment of the child’s respiratory, cardiac, and neurologic status
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| show | Anemia, acute cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, headache, lethargy, hyperactivity, aggression, impulsiveness, decreased interest in play, irritability, short attention span
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| show | 1 to 2 mL/kg/hr.
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| show | 30-60
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| show | 25-35
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| Normal respirations in 1-3 year olds (toddler) | show 🗑
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| Normal respirations in 3-5 year olds (preschooler) | show 🗑
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| Normal respirations in 6-10 year olds (school age) | show 🗑
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| show | 16-20
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| What assessment should not be performed on a child with epiglottitis? | show 🗑
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| show | To reverse bronchospasm
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| What are the physical assessment findings for a child with asthma? | show 🗑
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| What nutritional support should be provided for a child with cystic fibrosis? | show 🗑
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| Why is genetic counseling important for the family of a child with cystic fibrosis? | show 🗑
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| List seven signs of respiratory distress in a pediatric client. | show 🗑
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| show | Monitor child’s temperature, keep tent edges tucked in, keep clothing dry, assess respiratory status, look at child inside tent.
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| show | Upright sitting, with chin out and tongue protruding (“tripod position”)
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| Why are IV fluids important for a child with an increased respiratory rate? | show 🗑
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| show | Hearing loss
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| show | Hemorrhage; frequent swallowing, vomiting fresh blood, and clearing throat
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| Normal pulse in newborns | show 🗑
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| show | 100-150
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| show | 80-130
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| Normal pulse in 3-5 year olds (preschooler) | show 🗑
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| Normal pulse in 6-10 year olds (school age) | show 🗑
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| show | 60-90
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| show | Acyanotic: Has abnormal circulation; however, all blood entering the systemic circulation is oxygenated. Cyanotic: Has abnormal circulation with unoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation.
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| Two objectives in treating CHF | show 🗑
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| Digoxin Management | show 🗑
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| Differentiate between a right-to-left and a left-to-right shunt in cardiac disease. | show 🗑
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| show | VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy
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| List the common signs of cardiac problems in an infant. | show 🗑
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| What are the two objectives in treating congestive heart failure? | show 🗑
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| show | Give small, frequent feedings or gavage feedings. Plan frequent rest periods. Maintain a neutral thermal environment. Organize activities to disturb child only as indicated.
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| show | Knee-chest position or squatting
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| show | Diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, nausea, and vomiting; the nurse should check for bradycardia prior to administration.
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| show | Arrhythmia, bleeding, perforation, phlebitis, and obstruction of the arterial entry site
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| show | Aortic valve stenosis and mitral valve stenosis
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| show | Penicillin, erythromycin, and aspirin
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| show | The signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) are the opposite of those of shock. Shock: increased pulse, decreased blood pressure; Increased ICP: decreased pulse, increased blood pressure
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| show | Headache on awakening is the most common presenting symptom of brain tumors.
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| Feeding interventions for a child with cerebral palsy | show 🗑
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| show | Simian creases in palms, hypotonia, protruding tongue, and upward-outward slant of eyes
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| Describe scissoring. | show 🗑
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| What are two nursing priorities for a newborn with myelomeningocele? | show 🗑
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| List the signs and symptoms of increased ICP in older children. | show 🗑
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| show | Information about signs of infection and increased ICP; understanding that shunt should not be pumped and that child will need revisions with growth; guidance concerning growth and development
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| State the three main goals in providing nursing care for a child experiencing a seizure. | show 🗑
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| What are the side effects of Dilantin? | show 🗑
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| show | Fever, irritability, vomiting, neck stiffness, opisthotonos, positive Kernig sign, positive Brudzinski sign; infant may not show all classic signs even though very ill
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| What antibiotics are usually prescribed for bacterial meningitis? | show 🗑
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| show | Flat or on either side
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| show | Osmotic diuretics remove water from the CNS to reduce cerebral edema.
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| What nursing interventions increase intracranial pressure? | show 🗑
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| Describe the mechanism of inheritance of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. | show 🗑
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| What is the Gowers sign? | show 🗑
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| First sign of renal failure | show 🗑
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| show | AGN: gross hematuria, recent strep infection, hypertension, and mild edema; nephrosis: severe edema, massive proteinuria, frothy-appearing urine, anorexia
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| show | Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection
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| Compare the dietary interventions for acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and nephrosis. | show 🗑
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| show | Hypoproteinemia occurs because the glomeruli are permeable to serum proteins.
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| show | Long-term prednisone should be given every other day. Signs of edema, mood changes, and GI distress should be noted and reported. The drug should be tapered, not discontinued suddenly.
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| show | Avoid bubble baths; void frequently; drink adequate fluids, especially acidic fluids such as apple or cranberry juice; and clean genital area from front to back.
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| show | A malfunction of the valves at the end of the ureters, allowing urine to reflux out of the bladder into the ureters and possibly into the kidneys
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| show | Protect the child from injury to the encapsulated tumor. Prepare the family and child for surgery.
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| Explain why hypospadias correction is performed before the child reaches preschool age. | show 🗑
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| Describe feeding techniques for a child with cleft lip or palate. | show 🗑
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| List the signs and symptoms of esophageal atresia with TEF. | show 🗑
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| What nursing actions are initiated for the newborn with suspected esophageal atresia with TEF? | show 🗑
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| show | Maintain IV hydration, and provide small, frequent oral feedings of glucose or electrolyte solutions or both within 4 to 6 hours. Gradually increase to full-strength formula. Position infant on right side in semi-Fowler position after feeding.
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| show | A barium enema reduces the telescoping of the intestine through hydrostatic pressure without surgical intervention.
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| Describe the preoperative nursing care for a child with Hirschsprung disease. | show 🗑
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| What care is needed for a child with a temporary colostomy? | show 🗑
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| show | A newborn who does not pass meconium within 24 hours; meconium appearing through a fistula or in the urine; an unusual-appearing anal dimple
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| show | Maintain fluid balance (I&O, nasogastric suction, monitor electrolytes); monitor vitals; care for any drains; assess bowel function; prevent infection of incision and other complications; and support child and family with appropriate teaching.
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| show | Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL; Infant: 10 to 17 g/dL; Child: 9.5 to 15.5 g/dL
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| show | Give oral iron on an empty stomach and with vitamin C. Use straws to avoid discoloring teeth. Tarry stools are normal. Increase dietary sources of iron.
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| List dietary sources of iron. | show 🗑
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| What is the genetic transmission pattern of hemophilia? | show 🗑
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| Describe the sequence of events in a vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | Hydration promotes hemodilution and circulation of the red cells through the blood vessels.
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| show | Keep child well hydrated. Avoid known sources of infections. Avoid high altitudes. Avoid strenuous exercise.
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| show | Anemia (decreased erythrocytes); infection (neutropenia); bleeding thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)
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| How is congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| show | arge, protruding tongue; coarse hair; lethargy; sleepiness; and constipation
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| What are the outcomes of untreated congenital hypothyroidism? | show 🗑
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| What are the metabolic effects of PKU? | show 🗑
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| What two formulas are prescribed for infants with PKU? | show 🗑
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| List foods high in phenylalanine content. | show 🗑
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| show | Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
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| show | Hypoglycemia: tremors, sweating, headache, hunger, nausea, lethargy, confusion, slurred speech, anxiety, tingling around mouth, nightmares. Hyperglycemia: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, blurred vision, weakness, weight loss, and syncope
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| show | Provide care for an unconscious child, administer regular insulin IV in normal saline, monitor blood gas values, and maintain strict I&O.
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| show | Need to be like peers; assuming responsibility for own care; modification of diet; snacks and exercise in school
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| What is the relationship between hypoglycemia and exercise? | show 🗑
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| List normal findings in a neurovascular assessment. | show 🗑
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| show | Damage to nerves and vasculature of an extremity due to compression
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| show | Abnormal neurovascular assessment: cold extremity, severe pain, inability to move the extremity, and poor capillary refill
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| show | Fractures of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) may affect the growth of the limb.
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| show | Skeletal traction is maintained by pins or wires applied to the distal fragment of the fracture.
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| show | Check child’s circulation. Keep cast dry. Do not place anything under cast. Prevent cast soilage during toileting or diapering. Do not turn child using an abductor bar.
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| What are the signs and symptoms of congenital dislocated hip in infants? | show 🗑
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| How would the nurse conduct a scoliosis screening? | show 🗑
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| What instructions should a child with scoliosis receive about a skeletal brace? | show 🗑
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| What care is indicated for a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? | show 🗑
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