PT Assessment Final
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| What are the four vital life functions? List in the order of priority. | 1. Ventilation, 2. Oxygenation, 3. Circulation, 4. Perfusion
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| What is the most common cause of Jugular Vein Distension in COPD patients? | Right heart failure (cor pulmonale)
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| What is capillary refill used to assess? | Peripheral circulation
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| What causes barrel chest? | Chronic air trapping
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| What is the normal AP diameter ratio? | 1:2
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| What is the AP ration for a barrel chest patient? | 1:1
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| Increased depth of breathing | Hyperpnea
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| Normal breathing | Eupnea
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| RR>20 | Tachypnea
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| Fast deep respirations, with abrupt pauses | Biot's
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| Breathing gradually increases then decreases in rate and depth, followed by periods of apnea | Cheyne-Stokes
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| Cessation of breathing | Apnea
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| Increased rate and depth of breathing. Usually associated with diabetic ketoacidosis | Kussmaul's
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| Deep, gasping inspiration with brief, partial expiration | Apneustic
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| Decreased depth of breathing | Hypopnea
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| RR<12 | Bradypnea
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| An infant shows signs of nasal flaring, grunting, and has intercostal retractions. What does this indicate? | Respiratory distress
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| What are the primary muscles of ventilation? | Diaphragm, external intercostals
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| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? | Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, trapezius
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| What are the accessory muscles of expiration? | Internal intercostals, rectus abdominals, transversus abdominals, obliques (internal and external)
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| What muscle(s) is/are used for passive expiration? | None
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| Thick sputum | Viscous
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| Hemoptysis | Bright red
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| Clear and translucent sputum | Normal
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| Pulmonary edema | Pink and frothy
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| Mucus with pus (clear with yellow) | Mucopurulent
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| Foul smelling sputum | Fetid
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Green, foul smelling
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| Old blood in sputum | Dark/ brown
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| WBCs in sputum, bacterial infection | Yellow
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| Clear and thick sputum | Mucoid
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| Stagnant sputum or gram-negative bacteria | Green
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| Klebsiella pneumonia | Red, jelly-like
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| Sticky, adhesive sputum | Tenacious
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| Sputum that contains pus | Purulent
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| Creaking leather sound caused by pleuritis | Pleural friction rub
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| Vesicular sounds of low intensity in the lung periphery | Diminished
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| Associated with atelectasis or secretions in the peripheral airways | Crackles (rales)
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| Normally heard over mainstem bronchi | Bronchovesicular
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| Hollow, tubular sound heard mainly over the trachea | Bronchial
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| High pitched, continuous sounds with musical quality heard on inspiration and/or expiration; caused by bronchoconstriction | Wheezing
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| Loud, high pitched crowing sound heard during inspiration caused by upper airway edema | Stridor
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| Rustling sound heard throughout lung periphery | Vesicular
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| Gurgling, bubbling sound caused by thick secretions in the large airways; usually clears with a cough | Rhonchi
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| List the normal breath sounds | Bronchial, vesicular, bronchovesicular
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| List the adventitious breath sounds | Diminished, crackles (rales), rhonchi, wheezing, bronchial heard over lung periphery, pleural friction rub, stridor
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| What are two causes of tachycardia? | Hypoxemia, stress/ anxiety
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| What are two causes of bradycardia? | Heart failure, shock
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| At what point during the breath are fine crackles normally heard? | End of inspiration
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| What are the common pulse sites and their locations? | Radial (wrist, thumb side), brachial (bend of arm), carotid (neck), femoral (groin), apical (chest)
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| What is the normal value for Potassium? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Bicarbonate? | 22-26 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Chloride? | 80-100 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for RBCs? | 4-6 million/mm3
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| What is the normal value for WBCs? | 5k-10k/mm3
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| What is the normal value for Hemoglobin (Hgb)? | 12-16g/dL
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| What is the normal value for Hematocrit (Hct)? | 40-50%
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| What is the normal value for Platelets? | 150k-400k/mm3
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| What is the normal value for SpO2? | 93-97%
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| What is the normal HR? | 60-100 BPM
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| What is the normal RR? | 12-20 BPM
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| What is the normal blood pressure? | 120/80 mmHg
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| What is the normal body temp? | 37* C (98.6* F)
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| What type of chest pain is centrally located and constant? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is typically increased on inspiration? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pleuritis? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pneumothorax? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pericardial inflammation? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Myocardial infarction? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with pleural effusion? | Pleuritic
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| What conditions increase the intensity and clarity of vocal fremitus, as with bronchophony and whispered pectoriloquy? | Pneumonia, consolidation
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| In normal lungs, the phrase "ninety nine" or "blue moon" would sound | Muffled
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| In normal lungs, the phrase "1,2,3", when whispered would sound | Muffled
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| With egophany, what condition would change an "ee" sound to an "ay" sound similar to a bleating goat? | Consolidation, pneumonia
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| What conditions would decrease vocal fremitus? | Obstructed bronchi, pneumothorax, emphysema
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| What conditions decrease tactile fremitus? | Large pleural effusion, large pneumothorax, hyperinflation (air trapping), atelectasis
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| What conditions increase tactile fremitus? | Pneumonia
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| Difficult breathing while lying down | Orthopnea
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| General term used for difficult breathing | Dyspnea
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| Profuse sweating | Diaphoresis
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| Excess fluid in the tissues | Peripheral edema
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| Above normal body temp | Hyperthermia
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| Below normal body temp | Hypothermia
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| General run down feeling | Malaise
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| Enlargement of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes due to chronic hypoxemia | Digital clubbing
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| Unequal expansion of the chest | Asymmetrical
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| Both side of the chest moving evenly | Symmetrical
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| What percussion note would you hear over trapped gas in the lungs or in the pleural space? | Resonance
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| What percussion note would you hear over atelectasis or consolidation? | Dullness
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| What percussion note would you heard over fluid in the pleural space? | Dullness
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| What type of cyanosis is seen in the nailbeds of the fingers and toes? | Peripheral
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| What type of cyanosis is seen in the oral mucosa and is urgent? | Central
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| Name three things that may cause an irregular pulse | Inadequate blood flow, inadequate O2 supply to the heart, electrolyte imbalance
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| Breathing air in and out of the lungs | Ventilation
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| How would you measure ventilation? | RR, tidal volume, chest movement, breath sounds
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| Getting oxygen into the blood | Oxygenation
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| How would you measure oxygenation? | HR, color, sensorium (consciousness)
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| Moving blood through the body | Circulation
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| How would you measure circulation? | HR, pulse strength
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| Getting blood into the tissues (into the capillary beds) | Perfusion
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| How would you measure perfusion? | BP, sensorium, temp
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| Your patient smoked 2 packs/day for 30 years. What is their pack year history? | 60
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| What causes an increase in WBCs? | Bacterial infection
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| What type of WBC is elevated with asthma and allergic reactions? | Eosinophils
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| Describe the pulse strength for normal HR and blood volume | Strong, throbbing
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| Describe the pulse strength for weak contraction and low blood volume | Weak, thready
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| Describe the pulse strength for an increased HR and large volume | Full, bounding
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| The rhythm of the pulse can be described as ______________ or ______________. | Regular or Irregular
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| A pulse rate greater than 100 BPM | Tachycardia
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| A pulse rate less than 60 BPM | Bradycardia
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| Where can Bronchial (tracheal) breath sounds be heard? | Ausculated of the trachea
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| Where can vesicular breath sounds be heard? | Over most of the lung surface
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| Where can bronchovesicular breath sounds be heard? | Anterior: Heard over mainstem bronchi between first and second ribs / Posterior: Heard between the scapulae near the spinal column between the first and sixth ribs; especially on the right side
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| What causes adventitious bronchial breath sounds? | Consolidation or atelectasis
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| What causes diminished breath sounds? | Patients who move a lower air volume, obese patients, or muscular patients
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| What causes crackles (rales) breath sounds? | Atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema, pneumonia
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| What causes rhonchi breath sounds? | Severe pneumonia or bronchitis
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| What causes wheezing breath sounds? | Bronchoconstriction (bronchospasm), asthma
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| What causes pleural friction rub breath sounds? | Pleurisy (pleuritis), pneumonia
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| What causes stridor breath sounds? | Upper airway narrowing or obstruction
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| What color would air appear on an x-ray? | Black
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| What color would bone appear on an x-ray? | White
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| Regarding x-ray, what does translucent mean? | Darker areas of the x-ray
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| Regarding x-ray, what does opaque mean? | White
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| What would you ask to determine a patient's sensorium or LOC? | Date, location, name, situation
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| What is pectus excavatum? | AKA funnel chest; sternum caves in
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| What is pectus carinatum? | AKA pigeon chest; protrusion of the sternum
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| What is pedal edema? | Swelling of the lower extremities
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| What is subcutaneous emphysema? | Crepitus; coarse, crackling sensation that may be palpable over the skin surface
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| What is the max time for capillary refill to be considered normal? | 2 seconds
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