Linguistic terms for NIC Written exam
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| Pragmatics | show 🗑
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| show | The meaningful arrangement of words into grammatically correct phrases or sentences.
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| show | The study of the meaning of words and sentences and the way in which languages structure meaning.
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| show | The absolute smallest unit of language that can change the meaning of a word/sign. English: sound. ASL: 5 parameters of a sign.
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| Morpheme | show 🗑
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| show | Words/Signs that have meaning by themselves and don't need to be attached to another word to have meaning.
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| Bound Morpheme | show 🗑
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| Lexical Item | show 🗑
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| show | A generic term to designate a whole class. Colors include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple etc.
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| show | An instance of language, the message.
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| 5 Parameters of a Sign | show 🗑
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| Derivational Morphemes | show 🗑
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| Symmetry Condition | show 🗑
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| Passive Hand Condition | show 🗑
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| show | If a two-handed sign has two different handshapes, then the handshape of the passive hand is restricted to B,A,S,C,O,1 or 5.
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| English Modality | show 🗑
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| show | Visual/Spacial modality fosters use of spatial regerencing and restricts use of functional elements - utterances made up primarily of content elements.
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| show | Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Linear rather than simultaneous.
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| ASL Grammatical Structure | show 🗑
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| show | Verbs change forms (conjugated) to mark present, past or future tense (walk, walkING, walkS, walkED)
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| ASL Time/Tense Markers | show 🗑
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| show | Adds words to indicate affirmation or negation (ex: I will NOT go). Affirmation is usually embedded in the verb, although a lexical item may be added for emphasis or clarity.
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| show | Signer adds a non-manual marker (head nodding "yes" or shaking "no") as the utterance is signed. In formal register, the non-manual marker must be accompanied with a signed affirmation/negation, optional in consultative and informal registers.
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| show | Generally conveyed via words with appropriate vocal inflection.
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| ASL Affect Markers | show 🗑
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| show | Uses prepositions, most often occur before the noun: Under, beneath, behind, above etc.
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| English Noun/Verb Modifier (Description of a noun) | show 🗑
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| English Noun/Verb Modifier (Describing how something moves) | show 🗑
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| ASL Noun/Verb Modifier ((Describing relationship of noun to another noun) | show 🗑
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| show | A) Classifiers known as shape and size specifiers (SASSes). B) Sometimes signed adjectives are used in comnination with SASSes.
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| show | Adverbs sometimes signed but more frequently conveys this information by modifying the way the verb is produced and by using specific non-manual markers which indicate adverbial information.
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| show | Gender-specfic (specific in third person singular, she/her or he/him) and number-neutral (we, they - no indication of how many people make up the group).
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| ASL Pronouns | show 🗑
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| show | Two numbering systems: Cardinal and ordinal
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| show | Multiple numbering systems for various topic areas
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| English Voice | show 🗑
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| ASL Voice | show 🗑
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| English Conditionals | show 🗑
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| ASL Conditionals | show 🗑
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| Linguistic Registers | show 🗑
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| Each register has specific characteristics and unwritten rules which determine: | show 🗑
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| show | A text that is the same each time it is stated (Ex: the Lord's Prayer, the national anthem, a Robert Frost poem).
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| show | Generally found in situations where there is one speaker (at a time) and a group of listeners; virtually no turn-taking interaction; marked by physical or psychological distance (Church sermon or class lecture)
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| show | Found in situations where one of the individuals involved in the interchange has "expert" status or enhanced command of the topic; utterances are often maked with "jargon" (ex. doctor/patient or lawyer/client).
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| show | Occurs in situations where the participants tend to have equal status; turn-taking is fluid and sentences are slightly truncated resulting in a more rapid rate of speech/sign, fragments and run-on sentences (ex. co-workers, neighbors or students)
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| show | Exchange that takes place between individuals who, because of a common history, are able to communicate without the use of complete sentences and even without the use of language in certain cases (ex. friends, spouses or partners)
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| Phonology | show 🗑
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| show | The study of the structure and form of words - including inflection, derivation and the formation of compounds.
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| show | How language and its use is shaped by a society or culture.
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| show | When language can be understood in several ways.
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| show | The set of words known by an individual or group.
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