Lecture 29 (pg. 498-508)
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| Attributions | Judgements about the causes of our own and other people's behaviour and outcomes.
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| What are personal (internal) attributions? Give an example. | People's behaviour is caused by their characteristics.
Example 1: Bill insulted Carl because Bill is a rude person.
Example 2: My A on my exam reflects my high ability.
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| What are situational (external) attributions? Give an example. | Aspects of the situation cause a behaviour.
Example 1:Bill was provoked into insulting Carl.
Example 2: I received an A because the test was easy.
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| What are the 3 types of information that determines the attributions we make? | 1. Consistency (response consistent over time)
2. Distinctiveness (If someone dislikes many things, then distinctiveness is low)
3. Consensus (do others share the same opinion)
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| What did Brosch discover of the brain when people take situational information into consideration? | The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved, indicating more thoughtful top-down processing of the information.
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| Fundamental attribution error | We underestimate the impact of the situation and overstimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviour.
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| Give a fundamental attribution error example in relation to driving. | Sow driver ahead of us is a "moron", fast driver trying to pass us is a "maniac". Yet we don't think of ourselves as a "maniac" or a "moron" for passing someone or driving slowly: more information about the situation when we make judgements of ourselves.
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| Self-serving bias | Making relatively more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures.
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| Why do we display self-serving bias? | To protect our self-esteem.
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| How does a depressed person's self-serving bias differ from others? | They display the opposite attributional pattern:taking too little for successes and too much credit for failures. This pattern helps to keep them depressed.
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| What are two factors that affect the strength of the self-serving bias? | 1. One's psychological state
2. Cultural norms
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| Primacy effect | When forming impressions, it refers to our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person.
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| Give two reasons why the pprimacy effect happens. | 1. We tend to be most alert to information we receive first.
2. Initial information can shape how we perceive subsequent information.
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| Recency effects | Giving greater weight to the most recent information.
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| Mental sets | A readiness to perceive the world in a particular way. Shapes how we interpret a stimulus.
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| Schemas | Mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information.
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| Stereotype | A generalized belief about a group or category of people. Also a powerful type of schema.
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| Self-fulfilling prophecy | Occurs usually without conscious awareness, when people's erronous expectations lead them to act toward others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours, thereby confirming the initial impression.
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| Attitude | A positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept.
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| Theory of planned behaviour (3 points) | Our intention to engage in a behaviour is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behaviour, when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that the behaviour is under our control.
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| When is attitude-behaviour consistency strongest? | When we are aware of it. Rather than behaving "without thinking", we are conscienscous of our attitudes and behave accordingly.
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| Theory of cognitive dissonance | The theory that people strive to maintain consistency in their beliefs and actions, and that inconcsistency creates dissonance -- unpleasant arousal that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions.
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| What is an example of the theory of cognitive dissonance? | Pts participated in a boring job, and were given either $1 or $20 to tell the next participant that the activity was fun. Pts who were only paid $1 reported enjoying the study a lot more than those who were paid $20.
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| Give 3 ways that people can reduce dissonance. | 1. Rationalizing that their behaviour or attitude wasn't important
2. Finding external justification
3. Making other excuses
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| Self-perception theory | The theory that we make inferences about our own attitudes by observing how we behave.
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| What two theories predict that counter-attitudinal behaviour will produce attitude change? | 1. Cognitive dissonance theory
2. Self-perception theory
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| What two theories prove that our behaviours can influence our attitudes? | 1. Cognitive dissonance theory
2. Self-perception theory
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| Persuasion involves a _______ who delivers a _________ through a ________ to an ______ within a surrounding _________. | communicator, message, chanel (ex: in writing, verbally, or visually), audience, context.
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| Communicator credibility | How believable the communicator is (in the case of persuasion)
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| What are the two major components of credibility? | 1. Trustworthiness
2. Expertise
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| Central route to persuasion | Occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling.
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| Peripheral route to persuasion | Occurs when people do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors, such as speaker's attractiveness or a message's emotional appeal.
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