Micro
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| aseptic | techniques used to eliminate or minimize contamination
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| pathogen | disease causing
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| 8 taxonomy levels | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| genus and species | the binomial name given to everything
ex. E. Coli, Streptococcus mutans
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| 3 domains | Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
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| Subspecies | strain or variety of organisms
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| prokaryotes | does NOT have a nucleus
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| eukaryotes | DOES HAVE a nucleus
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| Archaebacteria | belong to "Archea Domain" ; ancient, oldest living forms known; able to live in extreme conditions
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| Bacteria | Belong to "Bacteria Domain" ; unicellular prokaryotes
- 3 types - bacillus (rods) , coccus (spheres), spiral (twisted)
- all produce by binary fission
- most are decomposers
- some bacteria use flagella for motility
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| Parasites | not always seen on microscopes
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| Fungi | Eukaryotes that include yeasts (unicellular), molds (multi-cellular), lichens, and mushrooms ; heteroptrophic; have cell walls
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| Algae | Eukaryotes that are photosynthetic (autotroph) and aquatic; multi/unicellular; categorized by the basis of pigmentation and composed of cell walls (red, brown, green); Agar is derived from cell walls of red algae
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| Protozoa | Highly mobile aquatic eukaryotes which include paramecium, amoeba, mostly Asexual and sexual reproduction; capable of locomotion by Pseudopods, Cilia, and Flagella
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| Viruses | missing link between living and non-living things ; first seen in 1932
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| Microscopic Animals | Parasitic round worms, tapeworms
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| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of cells
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| Spontaneous Generation | believe that living things come from non-living things
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| Antonio van Leeuwenhoek | Inventor of the microscope, made all microscopes on his own; Modern disciples: Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Animals, and Algae
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| Carolus Linnaeus | Father of taxonomy: First to discover Leeuwenhoeks microorganisms can be grouped into 6 categories
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| Difference between Bacteria Cell Walls and Archae Cell Walls | Bacteria - contain peptidoglycan though lack cell walls
Archae - composed of polymers rather then peptidoglycan
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| Aristotle | proposed Spontaneous generation, believe that living things come from non-living things
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| Francesco Redi | 1st to do meat experiment
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| John Needham | 2nd to do meat experiment; boiled broth and sealed with corks, concluded must be 'life force' in flasks due to cloudiness
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| Lazaro Spallanzani | Spontaneous generation does NOT occur; all living things arise from other living things; sealed glass by melting them
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| Louis Pasteur | "swan necked flask experiment; developed scientific method; discovered fermentation and pasteurization - industrial microbiology and food and beverage technology
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| Edward Buchner | demonstrated fermentation does NOT require living cells, enzymes promote chemical reaction; biochemistry and study of microbial metabolism, genetics and genetic engineering
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| Robert Koch | Koch's postulates - etiology (causation of diseases) - anthrax ; simple staining techniques, First: photomicrograph of bacteria, photo of bacteria in diseased tissue, used steam to sterilize, use of petri dish
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| Hans Christian Gram | Gram Stain - Positive is Purple, Negative is Red, microbial morphology
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| Ignaz Semmelweis | "Father of Handwashing", required medical students to wash their hands in chlorinated lime water prior to entering surgery; higher pt survival rate women were dying from child birth bc drs were working on cadavers, wiped hands and deliver babies
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| Joseph Lister | Antiseptic Technique, sprayed wounds, surgical incisions, and dressing with carbolic acid (phenol)
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| Florence Nightingale | Nurse who implemented aseptic technique in hospital ward, cutting down on infection, advocate for for hospital and public health reform
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| John Snow | mapped cholera epidemic in London, foundation for infection control and epidemiology
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| Edward Jenner | developed vaccine for smallpox (injected boy with cowpox and smallpox), began the field of immunology
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| Paul Ehrlich | "Magic Bullets" chemicals that would destroy pathogens but not harm humans; chemotherapy
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| Which of the following microorganisms are not eukaryotic? A. bacteria B. yeasts C. molds D. protozoa | Bacteria
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| Which microorganisms are used to make microbiological growth media? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Algae D. Protozoa | Algae
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| In which habitat would you most likely find archaea? A. Acidic hot springs B. Swamp Mud C. Great Salt Lake D. all of the above | All of the above
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| Of the following scientist, who first promulgated the theory of abiogenesis? A. Aristotle B. Pasteur C. Needham D. Spallanzani | Aristotle
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| Which of the following scientists hypothesized that a bacterial colony arises from a single bacteria cell? A. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek B. Louis Pasteur C. Robert Koch D. Richard Petri | Robert Koch
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| Which scientist first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens? A. Edward Jenner B. Joseph Lister C. John Snow D. Ignaz Semmelweis | Ignaz Semmelweis
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| Leeuwenhoek described microorganisms as_________. A. animalcules B. prokaryotes C. eukaryotes D. protozoa | animalcules
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| Which of the following favored the theory of spontaneous generation? A. Spallanzani B. Needham C. Pasteur D. Koch | Needham
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| A scientist who studies the role of microorganisms in the environment is a(n) ______________. A. genetic technologist B. earth microbiologist C. epidemiologist D. environmental microbiologist | environmental microbiologist
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| The laboratory of Robert Koch contributed which of the following to the field of microbiology? A. simple staining techniques B. use of Petri dish C. first photomicrograph of bacteria D. all of the above | All of the above
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| Biochemistry __________ and __________ . | Pasteur and Buchner
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| Chemotherapy __________. | Ehrlich
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| Immunology __________. | Jenner
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| Infection Control __________. | Snow
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| Etiology __________. | Koch
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| Epidemiology __________. | Snow
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| Biotechnology __________ . | Pasteur
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| Food Microbiology __________ . | Pasteur
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| Why was the theory of spontaneous generation a hindrance to the development of the field of microbiology? |
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| Discuss the significant diff between the flasks used by Pasteur and Spallanzani. How did Pasteur's investigation settle the dispute about spontaneous generation |
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| List 6 types of microorganisms | fungi
protozoa
algae
bacteria
archaea
viruses
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| Defend this statement: "the investigations of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek changed the world forever." | Leeuwenhoek was a dutch sailor and merchant. He learned to make his own magnifing glasses to examine the quality of cloth. He began making
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| Why would a macroscopic tapeworm be studied in microbiology? | Even tho most of these worms are not microscopic as adults many of them cause diseases that were studied by early microbiologists. Infections of tapeworms were dx by finding microscopic eggs n immature stages in the blood fecal urine n lymph specimens.
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| Describe what has been called the "Golden Age of Microbiology" with the reference to 4 major questions that propelled scientists during that period. | 1.Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
2. What causes fermentation?
3.What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
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| Refer to 4 steps in the scientific method in describing Pasteur's fermentation experiment. | 1. Observes phenomenon and generates question
2. Hypothesis
3. Conducts Experiment
4. Analyzes results, either accepting, rejecting, or modifying hypothesis
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| Developed smallpox immunization | Jenner
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| First photomicrograph of bacteria | Koch
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| Germ theory of disease | Pasteur
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| Germs cause disease | Pasteur, Koch
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| Sought a "magic bullet" to destroy pathogens | Ehrlich
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| Early epidemiologist | Snow
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| Father of Microbiology | Pastuer
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| Classification system | Linnaeus
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| Discoverer of bacteria | Leeuwenhoek
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| Discoverer of protozoa | Leeuwenhoek
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| Founder of antiseptic surgery | Lister
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| Developed the most widely used bacterial staining technique | Gram
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