Circulation and Respiration
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| What are parts of the cardiovasuclar system? | Heart, Artery, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
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| What is the evolution of the vertebrate heart? | Two chambered heart -> two chambered with septa -> Three chambers -> Four chambers
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| What are the different types of circulation schemes? | Lung capillaries(mammal), gill capillaries(fish), lung and gill capillaries(amphibian)
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| What is the path of blood through the human heart? | Anterior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> AV valve tricuspid -> Right Ventricle -> Semilunar Valve -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> AV valve bicuspid -> Left Ventricle -> Semilunar Valve -> aorta -> Body
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| What is the Cardiac Output | Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle. Depends on heart rate and stroke volume. Average is 70 beats per minute
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| What two atrioventrical nodes? | So that atria and ventricle do not beat at the same time
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| What is the lymphatic system? | Used to return lost fluid and protiens to the blood
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| What are the two factors involved in the interchange of fluid? | Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic presssure
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| What is the composition of mammalian blood? | plasma and cellular elements
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| What causes blood clotting? | injury signals platlets to the area and changes prothrombin to thrombin and fibrogen to fibrin
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| What are the three conditions of respiratory surfaces? | Large suface area, moist and thin
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| What is the Aqatic environments? | Less than 1 percent of oxygen. Oxygen amounts decrease as temperature increases, Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen
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| What are the terrestrial environments? | about 21 percent oxygen. developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation. they may use one or two percent to obtain oxygen
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| What are the four types of respiratory systems? | cutaneous respiration, gills, trachaea and lungs
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| What is counter current gas exchange? | extracts 80 percent of oxygen from the water and maintains gradient over the whole length of capillaries
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| What are trachaea? | They are open tubes found in arthopods
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| What are spiracles? | They are openings
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| What are tracheoles? | contact the cell
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| What are diffusion lungs? | Gas moved by diffusion dependin on body movement (snails adn scorpions)
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| ventilation lungs? | found in amphibians, reptiles, mamals and birds. contain pharnyx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles adn alveoli
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| positive pressure breathing? | pushes down trachea seen in frogs and other amphibians
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| negative pressure breathing? | suction created by diaphragm seen in mammals
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| How is bird respiration different? | air sacs allow for one way ventilation they have parabronchi rather than alveoli
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| What controls breathing? | Medulla oblangata and pons. Monitors carbon dioxide and adjusts depth and rate of breathing
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| What transports oxygen in animals? | Hemoglobin
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| How is carbon dioxide transported? | 70 percent is transported as bicarbonate in plasma
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| Deep diving mammals? | stores large amonts of oxygen in blood and muscles and conserves it by exhaling before diving, decreasing heart rate and reducing blood supply to muscle
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