AP Human Geography Chapter 5
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| how many languages are spoken today not including dialects | over 6,000
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| how many languages are spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone | 1,500+
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| how many languages are spoken in New Guinea alone | 400+
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| how many languages are spoken in Europe alone | 100+
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| how many threatened or endangered languages are there | 2,000+
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| if someone is a native speaker of a language, what does that mean | that language is their primary language
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| if someone is a non-native speaker of a language, what does that mean | it is not their primary language
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| how many people speak Mandarin Chinese | 1.3 Billion
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| how many people speak Spanish | 442 million
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| how many people speak English | 378 million
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| how many people speak Arabic | 315 million
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| how many people speak Hindi | 260 million
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| how many people speak Bengali | 243 million
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| how many people speak Portuguese | 223 million
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| how many people speak Russian | 154 million
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| how many people speak Japanese | 128 million
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| how many people speak Lahnda/ Punjabi | 119 million
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| what are the top 5 languages with the most speakers | Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi
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| organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with each other with mutual comprehension | language
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| a group of languages descended from a single, older tongue | language families
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| what makes up a language family | similar vocabulary, similar grammar, similar sounds
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| the earlier, older language | protolanguage
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| which language family is the most widely spoken | indo-european
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| what language family, branch and group is English in | family: Indo-European
branch: Germanic
group: Modern English
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| where is Latin dominant throughout | Roman Empire
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| what are the 5 romance languages | italian, spanish, french, portuguese, romanian
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| why are they named the romance languages | they descended from Rome
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| what are the 4 germanic languages | english, german, dutch, scandinavian
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| what is the indo-european hearth | Turkey (Anatolia)
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| how did english diffuse | throughout the world by hundreds of years of British Colonialism. Brought to New World by British colonies in 1600s
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| what is the world pattern of languages | migration, conquests, settlement, colonization, spreading, disappearing, domination, numbers, territory
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| how many Amerindian Tongues are there | 1,000-2,000
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| what is domination of a language called | cultural imperialism
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| what is the dominator of a language called | assimilation
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| people who speak a common language | speech community
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| accepted standards of syntax (sentence structure), vocabulary, and pronunciation | standard language
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| who sets a standard language | leaders
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| what are standard (official) languages used for | literature, government, economy, trade, and education
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| recognizable speech variants | dialects
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| what are elements of a dialect | vocabulary, rhythm, pronunciation, speed
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| denote social class and educational level | social dialects/ socialect
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| what were dialects in America settled by | immigrants from MANY places; travel and interaction was frequent
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| what 3 dialects emerged in America | Northern, Midland, and Southern
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| as English diffuses to different countries, each location develops its own _________________ dialect. Due to the mixing of various _______________________ and its ______________________ from England. | unique; people; isolation
This is why American's sound different than the British
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| the study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and languages | linguistic geography
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| the outer limit of a language's territory- boundary between language groups | isogloss
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| able to speak 2 languages | bilingualism
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| able to speak more than 2 languages | multilingualism
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| an amalgamation (combination) of languages, usually a simplified form of one and borrowings from another | pidgin
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| is pidgin the mother tongue of any speaker | no
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| what is pidgin adequate to express | basic ideas
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| what 3 things does pidgin have | specific function, highly simplified grammar, sharply reduced vocabulary
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| evolves from an indigenous/ native group's language mixed with a conquering group's language | creole
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| what 2 languages make up Afrikaans | African and Dutch
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| is creole the native tongue of its speakers | yes
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| what 2 languages make up creole french | west african and french
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| what to languages make up franglais | french and english
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| what 2 languages make up spanglish | spanish and english
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| what 2 languages make up denglish | german and english
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| how many native speakers does english have today | 375 million
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| how many ESL (English Second Language) speakers does english have today | 375 million
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| how many total people speak english today | 750 million
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| how many countries is english the official language of | 60
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| what percentage of internet web pages worldwide are in english | 78%
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| an established language used habitually for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensible | lingua franca
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| what was the lingua franca in Ancient times (300 BC- 500 AD) | greek
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| what was the lingua franca in Early Middle Ages | latin
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| what was the lingua franca in Late Middle Ages | french
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| what was the lingua franca in modern times | english
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| english is the official language of several countries, meaning it is the language used by ______________ and __________________ | business and government
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| having multiple official languages | polyglot state
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| what are examples of polyglot states | belgium, switzerland, canada
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| what does switzerland divide their country into | cantons
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| why are over 400 languages in existence today considered extinct | only a few elderly people know them
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| a languages survival is dependent upon the _____________________ and _____________________ strength of its speakers | political and military
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| what happens when people get conquered | their language goes away
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| when did Hebrew dinimish | around the 4th century
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| what happened when Israel was established | Jews from all over the world moved there
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| what 2 languages were chosen as Israel's official languages | Hebrew and Arabic
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| what did having 2 official languages in Israel do and how many new words did they have to create | helped unify the people and they created 4,000 new words
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| the Celt's language was diminished because they lacked _________________ | military power
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| it is being revived by Britain's 1988 Educational Act which forces students to learn _________________ if they live in Wales | Welsh
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| unrelated to any other language and is not attached to a language family | isolated language
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| existed before Indo-European language and was preserved due to isolation in the Spanish Pyrenees mountains | Basque
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| most widely spoken language isolate with over 78 million speakers | Korean
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