Cervical and thoracic spine
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| show | exaggerated concavity of lumbar spine (p293)
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| show | abnormal convexity of thoracic spine curvature
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| Define SCOLIOSIS | show 🗑
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| show | 33 vertebra in small child reduce to 26 in adult: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (4 fused)
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| Name the primary spinal curvatures. | show 🗑
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| show | LUMBAR
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| Name the secondary spinal curvatures. | show 🗑
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| When do the primary curvatures develop? | show 🗑
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| show | Cervical develops as child learns to raise it's head and sit up, the lumbar curvature develops as the child learns to walk.
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| show | Swayback (increased concavity)
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| show | The body and the arch
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| What is the name of the opening in an individual vertebra? What is the name of the contiguous opening in a stack of vertebra? | show 🗑
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| Define pedicle | show 🗑
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| define lamina (laminae) | show 🗑
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| Define transverse process. | show 🗑
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| show | The bone that extends posteriorly from the midline junction of the two laminae. It can often be palpated.
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| Define superior articular process | show 🗑
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| Define inferior articular process | show 🗑
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| name the parts of a vertebra | show 🗑
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| show | intervertebral joints, zygapohyseal joints, costal joints
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| show | amphiarthrodial joints found between vertebral bodies, cushioned by intervertebral disks
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| Describe zygapophyseal joints | show 🗑
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| Describe facet in relation to the vertebra | show 🗑
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| show | The articulation of the spinal column with the 24 thoracic ribs (12 per side).
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| Name the opening, or passageway, for the spinal cord. | show 🗑
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| show | cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 1, coccyx 1
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| Which part of the spine demonstrates a posterior convex curvature? | show 🗑
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| Which part of the spine demonstrates a posterior concave curvature? | show 🗑
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| show | scoliosis
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| show | The medulla oblongata
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| The spinal cord ends with a tapered ending called the ________. | show 🗑
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| Where does the spinal cord exit the vertebral column? | show 🗑
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| show | spinal nerves and blood vessels
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| show | 1" below EAM (external acoustic meatus) C1 Mastoid tip (C1) head neutral gonion (jaw) (C3) thyroid cartilage prominent (C5) but can be C4-C6 vertebra prominens (C7 or T1)
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| show | to reduce or eliminate superimposition of the C7 by the shoulders
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| Name the atypical cervical vertebrae | show 🗑
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| List the characteristics of cervical vertebrae | show 🗑
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| show | they are small and have small openings called transverse foramen that allow vertebral arteries, veins and certain nerves to pass through
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| show | It is the bone that forms the superior and inferior articular processes on each side of the vertebra. In C1, it is also called the lateral mass.
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| show | In C1, it is the bone that forms the superior and inferior articular processes on each side of the vertebra. It is also called the articular pillar. It supports the weight of the skull and therefore is bulky and very solid.
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| show | The intervertebral foramina are situated at a 45' angle to the MSP. (for imaging oblique is 45') they are also 15' inferiorly angled. (for imaging use a 15' cephalad angle)
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| show | 45' oblique and 15' cephalad
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| show | C1 - anteriorly, no body, instead anterior arch including anterior tubercle. posteriorly, arch with small posterior tubercle midline, small transverse processes with foramina, articular pillars (lateral masses) Most bulky/solid support weight of head
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| Function of C1 | show 🗑
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| Describe the axis. | show 🗑
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| Function of C2 | show 🗑
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| show | holds the odontoid process of C2 in place inside C1
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| What is the atlantoaxial joint? | show 🗑
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| What is the atlantoccipital joint? | show 🗑
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| show | between C2-T12
they are cartilaginous (symphysis) and amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable)
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| show | between C2-T12
plane joints(gliding) that are synovial and diarthrodial between each vertebra
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| show | between ribs and T1-T12
these are plane (gliding) joints that are synovial and diarthrodial
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| What are costotransverse joints? | show 🗑
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| What is a key distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| show | a partial facet that articulates with a rib or rib tubercle, the other part of the facet is on the next vertebra
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| show | located on T1-T10
articulates with the tubercles of ribs 1-10 via the costotransverse joints
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| What angle should you use to image the thoracic zygapophyseal joints? | show 🗑
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| What angle should you use to image the thoracic intervertebral foramina? | show 🗑
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| show | Three foramina each; more dominant articular pillars
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| What are the distinquishing features of the C1 (atlas)? | show 🗑
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| show | contains odontoid process (dens)
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| show | short spinous processes with bifid tips
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| What are the distinquishing features of the thoracic vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| What are the distinquishing features of the T1-T10? | show 🗑
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| show | contain demifacets for rib articulation
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| What are the distinquishing features of the T10-T12? | show 🗑
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| The joints between the ribs and vertebrae at the pedicle is called ______ . | show 🗑
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| The joints between the ribs and vertebrae at the inferior articular facet are called _____ . | show 🗑
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| show | outer - annulus fibrosus inner - nucleus pulposus
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| What is the outer layer of the intervertebral disk called? What is it made of? | show 🗑
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| What is the inner layer of the intervertebral disk called? What is it made of? | show 🗑
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| What is it called when the soft inner portion of the intervertebral disk protrudes through the annulus fibrosus and puts pressure on the spinal cord? | show 🗑
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| show | They are tightly bound to the vertebrae for stability, but allow for flexibility and movement of the entire vertebral column.
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| Which of the following is found between the superior surface and inferior articular processes? A. intervertebral joints B. Articular joints C. Zygapophyseal joints D. Intervertebral facets | show 🗑
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| True/False Only T11 and T12 have full facets for articulation with ribs. | show 🗑
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| True/False The zygapophyseal joints of all cervical vertebrae are visualized only in a true lateral position. | show 🗑
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| What characteristics make the cervical vertebrae unique? | show 🗑
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| A short column of bone found between the superior and articular processes in a typical cervical vertebra is called ______ . | show 🗑
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| show | lateral mass
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| show | 90'
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| The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic vertebrae are at a _____ angle to the mid-sagittal plane. | show 🗑
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| show | atlanto-occipital articulation
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| The modified body of C2 is called _____ or _____. | show 🗑
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| show | rotation of the skull
injury
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| show | facets/demifacets that allow articulation with ribs
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| show | T5 - T8
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| show | 15' cephalad
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| show | a cephalometric positioning landmark located at the lowest, posterior, and lateral point on the angle. This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible.
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| What level is the gonion? | show 🗑
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| show | T9-T10
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| What level is the thyroid cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | T2-T3
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| show | T4-T5
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| show | C1
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| What is the mastoid tip? | show 🗑
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| show | C7 - T1
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| show | T7
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| show | Gonads, Thyroid, parathyroid and mammary glands
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| show | True
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| show | A. Keep the vertebral column parallel to IR
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| show | B. Using small focal spot
C. Increasing SID
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| Which aspect of the vertebrae visualize well in lateral cervical spine image? | show 🗑
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| show | intervertebral foramina
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| What is visualized with CR 15' cephalad - upside cervical spine? | show 🗑
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| What is visualized with CR 15' cephalad - downside cervical spine? | show 🗑
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| show | zygapophyseal joints
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| What is necessary to visualize zygapophyseal joints for thoracic spine? | show 🗑
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| Name the topographic landmarks for cervical spine imaging. | show 🗑
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| Name the topographic landmarks for thoracic spinal imaging | show 🗑
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| show | better demonstrates alignment/ligament stability
permits natural curvature of spine and easier to depress shoulders and use 72" SID
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| Avulsion fracture of the spinous process of C7 | show 🗑
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| Inflammation of the vertebrae | show 🗑
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| show | Kyphosis
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| show | scoliosis
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| show | partial dislocation
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| What is unilateral subluxation? | show 🗑
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| impact fracture from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch of C1 | show 🗑
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| show | Teardrop burst fracture
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| show | Hangman's fracture
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| A form of rheumatoid arthritis | show 🗑
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| Mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence | show 🗑
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| show | The lower margin of the upper incisors and the base of the skull
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| show | To open the intervertebral joint spaces
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| show | compensates for increased OID, reduces magnification and less divergence of x-ray beam reduces shoulder superimposition of C7
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| True/False The tip of the odontoid process does not have to be demonstrated on the AP "open mouth" projection because it is best seen on the lateral projection. | show 🗑
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| What CR angulation must be used (amount and direction) must be used with a posterior oblique projection of the cervical spine? | show 🗑
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| show | TRUE
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| Which foramina are demonstrated with a LPO position of the cervical spine? | show 🗑
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| show | left intervertebral foramina
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| show | rotate the skull into a near lateral position
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| The lateral cervical spine projection should be taken during _____ (inspiration, expiration, suspended respiration) and why? | show 🗑
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| show | cervicothoracic lateral position
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| Where should the CR be placed for a cervicothoracic lateral position? | show 🗑
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| Which specific projection must be taken first if trauma to the cervical spine is suspected and the patient is in a supine position on a backboard? | show 🗑
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| show | C5 - T3
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| Which of the following projections is considered a functional study of the cervical spine? A) AP "wagging jaw" projection B) AP "open mouth" projection C) Fuchs/Judd methods D) Hyperextension/hyperflexion lateral position | show 🗑
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| When do you perform a Fuchs or Judd method? | show 🗑
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| show | right (downside)
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| show | Right side
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| How much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the thoracic spine from a true lateral? | show 🗑
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| At which vertebral level does the solid spinal cord terminate? | show 🗑
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| show | 5
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| show | A. Thoracic
D. Sacral
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| show | TRUE
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| An abnormal or exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature with increased convexity is called _____. | show 🗑
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| An abnormal or exaggerated lateral spinal curvature is called _____. | show 🗑
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| What is the correct term for condition involving a "slipped disk"? | show 🗑
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| The superiro and inferiro vertebral notches create which foramina? | show 🗑
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| Which joints are found between the superior and articular processes? | show 🗑
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| show | B. Nucleus pulposus
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| True/False The carotid artery and certeain nerves pass through the cervical transverse foramina. | show 🗑
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| True/False The thoracic spine possesses facets for rib articulations and bifid spinous processes. | show 🗑
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| show | 45'
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| show | transverse atlantal ligament
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| The large joint space between C1 and C2 is called the _____. | show 🗑
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| Two partial facets found on the thoracic vertebrae are called _____. | show 🗑
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| show | C. T11
D T12
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| show | transverse foramina
overlapping vertebral bodies
bifid spinous processes
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| What is the one feature of thoracic vertebrae that makes them different from all other vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| show | lateral
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| Which position or projection of C-Spine best demonstrates the Z joints between C3-C7? | show 🗑
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| show | Left z-joints (downside)
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| show | D. nuclear medicine
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| show | Clay shoveler's fracture
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| show | Scoliosis and/or kyphosis (adolescents)
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| True/False HNP most frequently develops at the L2/L3 vertebral level. | show 🗑
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| show | Lead masking
grids
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| show | AP Open Mouth
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| How much and which direction (caudad or cephalad) should CR be angled for AP axial C-spine? | show 🗑
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| How much and which direction (caudad or cephalad) should CR be angled for anterior oblique C-spine? | show 🗑
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| How much and which direction (caudad or cephalad) should CR be angled for posterior oblique C-spine? | show 🗑
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| show | B. LAO
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| In addition to using a long SID, list two positioning techniques you can use to lower the shoulders to visualize C7-T1 for a lateral projection of the C-spine? | show 🗑
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| Which position or projection demonstrates the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine (C4 - T3) in a lateral perspective? (no trauma) | show 🗑
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| List two projections that will project the dens in the center of the foramen magnum. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following technical factors is most important in producing high quality CR image? A. Decrease SID whenever possible B. Minimize the use of grids C. Decrease kV as much as possible D. Collimate as closely as possible | show 🗑
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| Which of the following imaging modalities is recommended for a teardrop burst fracture? A. CT B. MRI C. Nuclear medicine D. sonography | show 🗑
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