Unit 2 - Image Production
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| What is kVp? | show 🗑
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| Increasing kVp has what effect on the wavelength of the x-ray photon? | show 🗑
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| Increasing kVp has what effect on the frequency of the photons in the beam? | show 🗑
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| show | INCREASES the exposure rate (more energy, more photons)
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| What is exposure rate? | show 🗑
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| What three things does kVp control? | show 🗑
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| kV is the controlling factor for _____ _____? | show 🗑
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| show | Range of techniques that will produce a quality image without violating ALARA
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| kV influences _____ _____. | show 🗑
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| Increasing kVp has what effect on amount of scatter? | show 🗑
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| show | PENETRABILITY, INCREASED ENERGY OF PHOTONS; HVL - Half Value Layer
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| show | HALF VALUE LAYER - the amount of material needed to reduce an xray beam by 50% - measured in AIR KERMA
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| What effect does increased kVp have on photoelectric absorption? | show 🗑
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| Increased kVp with a decrease in mAs results in _____ patient dose. | show 🗑
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| Increased kVp increases transmission which _____ patient dose. | show 🗑
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| show | one of the properties that comprise visibility of details or the difference between adjacent receptor exposures
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| show | SHORT SCALE; fewer shades of gray; NARROW dynamic range; MORE contrast (whites/blacks); WIDE difference in adjacent receptor exposures
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| Describe the five most influential factors for SHORT SCALE. (how do you get SHORT SCALE) | show 🗑
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| How are kVp and image contrast related? | show 🗑
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| What is DYNAMIC range? | show 🗑
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| What is SUBJECT CONTRAST? | show 🗑
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| show | the radiograph must exhibit difference in brightness level in order to differentiate among anatomic tissues. causing a range of brightness from differential absorption of x-ray photons.
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| show | LONG SCALE; MORE shades of gray; WIDE dynamic range; LESS contrast; NARROW difference in adjacent receptor exposures
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| show | HIGH kVp; LOW filtration; LOW grid ratio; LOW OID; less beam restriction (little to no collimation)
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| What are the 10 influencing factors of CONTRAST? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of image contrast? | show 🗑
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| SUBJECT CONTRAST is dependent on _____ and _____. | show 🗑
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| SUBJECT CONTRAST is also called | show 🗑
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| What are the 6 characteristics of Anatomic Tissue? | show 🗑
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| show | Air/Gas; Fat/Cartilage; Hollow organs (empty); Muscles; Hollow organs (esophagus)
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| What are 3 of the most radiopaque materials in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Age 2. Gender, 3. part position, 4. Body Habitus, 5. Pathology or condition
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| What is contrast media? | show 🗑
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| show | Barium/Iodine - radiopaque; increases tissue density
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| show | Air/Gas - radiolucent; decreases tissue density
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| show | Combination of positive(barium) and negative(air) contrast; used to better visualize soft tissue structures without obscuring
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| High mAs and low kVp equal _____ contrast. | show 🗑
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| show | LOW contrast
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| What is filtration? | show 🗑
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| show | Waveform produced by generator influences quality of beam. (Increasing generator power, increases energy and decreases contrast)
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| show | Anode must have high enough atomic mass to generate needed "k" shell interactions (increased atomic #, increased energy and increased quality)
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| What is the primary beam? | show 🗑
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| show | radiation emitted during interactions in tissues - exiting patient to directly expose the IR
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| How does tissue type influence the production of secondary radiation and scatter? | show 🗑
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| How does volume of tissue influence the production of secondary radiation and scatter? | show 🗑
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| How does energy of the x-ray beam influence the production of secondary radiation and scatter? | show 🗑
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| What is backscatter? | show 🗑
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| show | Patient is the main source of this. It travels in many directions before reaching the IR causing fogging (decreased contrast). To reduce use COLLIMATION
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| What are the Power factors for generator ratios? | show 🗑
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| What effect does mAs have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| What effect does kVp have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | DIRECT - increased OID, increased contrast
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| show | NO EFFECT
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| What effect does Focal Spot Size have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| What effect does Grid have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | DIRECT - increased beam restriction, increased contrast
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| show | INVERSE - increased field size, decreased contrast
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| show | INVERSE - increased part thickness, decreased contrast
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| What effect does Patient Motion have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| What effect does Filtration have on image contrast? | show 🗑
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| show | NO EFFECT
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| show | increase
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| Increased kVp will _____ Compton scatter | show 🗑
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| show | longer
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| Increased kVp will _____ quantity of photons (because electrons are sped up and gain kinetic energy (produce more x-ray photons/second at the target) | show 🗑
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| show | 4,5, or 6
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| AC comes in at _____Hz which means ____ cycle per second. | show 🗑
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| show | The space between the patient anatomy and IR. Increasing OID decreases receptor exposure and increases contrast. This causes magnification (size distortion).
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| The mAs required to maintain receptor exposure is ______ proportional to the relative output factor. How is it mathematically stated? | show 🗑
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| What effect does generator have on contrast? | show 🗑
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| The construction of the generator results in _____ pulses and it affects _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Higher
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| 3 phase generators produce ________ contrast | show 🗑
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| show | increasing
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| show | mAs
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| show | inversely
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| the incident XR photon is a low energy (generally less than 20 KeV). When such low-energy incident photon interact with tissue atoms they are not ionized. instead atoms absorbs the energy causing excitation then releasing it in a new direction(scatter) | show 🗑
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| show | Compton Scattering (modified scattering)
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| show | incident photon and recoil electron.
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| show | binding energy plus the kinetic energy
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| Compton interaction is represented by the following formula: | show 🗑
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| Compton scattering ______ follow its original path through the body to strike the IR. It strikes the wrong place creating _____ | show 🗑
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| show | w/ the use of shields, shield ourselves and use grid whenever possible
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| show | incident
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| Compton scattering is the major source of __________ | show 🗑
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| where the incident xr photon is completely absorbed by an inner-shell electron. Causes the electron to speed up to where it is flung out. ejected electron is called ___. cascade effect happens where 2ndary photon are produced and contribute to pt. dose. | show 🗑
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| _______ from photoelectric events has enough kinetic energy to undergo interactions of its own before filling a vacancy in another atom elsewhere. | show 🗑
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| show | the energy of the incident photon equals (the binding energy of the electron plus the kinetic energy of the photoelectron).
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| Barium studies usually start at ___ kVp and you must choose the appropriate technique bc of absorption. | show 🗑
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| Photoelectric interactions depend on the energy of the incident x-ray photon and the _____ of the tissue atoms w/ which they interact. | show 🗑
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| MeV stands for? | show 🗑
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| show | Pair production; positron and electron
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| show | 0.51 MeV
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| Occurs when photon w/ extremely high energies of more than 10 MeV strike the nucleus of the atom and make it unstable. For the nucleus to regain stability, it ejects a nuclear proton, neutron, or alpha particle. | show 🗑
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| show | Photodisintegration and Pair prodution
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| show | photodisintegration
Beta particles
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| What are the 5 factors affecting the emission spectrum? | show 🗑
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| show | continuous portion
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| show | discrete line
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| show | x-ray energy; # of each type of x-ray photon
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| show | Bremsstrahlung x-rays; x-ray energy (keV) and # of x-ray photons emitted (quantity).
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| show | filament
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| show | kVp; 1/5
fig 10.5 p119 Orth
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| AOFC, an increase in ____ will increase the amplitude of both the continuous and discrete portions of the spectrum. | show 🗑
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| beam quantity refers to the total # of x-ray photons in a beam and is affected by? | show 🗑
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| An increase in quantity increases the _______ | show 🗑
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| if kVp is doubled, the intensity(quantity) increases by a factor of ____ | show 🗑
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| x-ray photon that makes it from the beam to the IR is called ____ and is composed of transmitted and scattered radiation. | show 🗑
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| is the difference btwn the x-ray photons that are absorbed photoelectrically versus those that penetrate the body. | show 🗑
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| A higher kVp _____ the number of interactions overall but the number of Compton interactions _____ in comparison to the number of photoelectric interactions. | show 🗑
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| show | 50%
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| show | (tissue density) increase
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| Higher kVp increases the energy of the x-ray beam and will ____ beam attenuation. | show 🗑
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| show | brightness, contrast, and receptor exposure
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| show | digital
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| a ____ image is evaluated by the amount of density or overall blackness after processing | show 🗑
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| show | receptor exposures(brightness) and image contrast
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| show | kilovoltage; irradiated material
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| show | contrast resolution
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| show | Gray scale
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| show | Scale of contrast
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| It is the processing code that lets us change radiographic contrast after the image has been taken. | show 🗑
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| Increasing part thickness or increasing field size(collimation) will increase _____(making it to the IR) and create a ____ scale of contrast | show 🗑
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| show | greater
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| show | Air
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| show | 90/10
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| Ratio of secondary/scatter to exit radiation for chest? | show 🗑
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| To maintain receptor exposure with an increase in grid ratio, you must increase _____. The formula is?! | show 🗑
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| ____ kVp is usually used when a grid is used. Also ____ kVp is used when no grid is used. | show 🗑
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| describe Quantum Noise Model | show 🗑
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