Cellular Regulation
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| show | cancer
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| show | metastasis
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| cells that demonstrate uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic demand | show 🗑
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| the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation; increased in tumors | show 🗑
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| malignant tumors spread by way of? | show 🗑
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| Malignant transformation, or _________, is thought to be at least a three-step cellular process, involving initiation, promotion, and progression. | show 🗑
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| show | apoptosis
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| During _______, carcinogens (such as chemicals, physical factors, or biologic agents) cause mutations in the cellular DNA. | show 🗑
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| During _______, repeated exposure to promoting agents (co-carcinogens) causes proliferation and expansion of initiated cells with increased expression or manifestations of abnormal genetic information, even after long latency periods. | show 🗑
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| During ______, the altered cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior. These cells acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer cells to grow), to invade adjacent tissues, and to metastasize. | show 🗑
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| show | four
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| leading cancers in men in U.S. | show 🗑
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| show | lung, breast, and colorectal cancer
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| In U.S., which race has highest cancer death rate? | show 🗑
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| show | HPV, HBV, EBV; H. pylori
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| exposure to sunlight, radiation, chronic irritation or inflammation, tobacco carcinogens, industrial chemicals and asbestos | show 🗑
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| lifestyle factors linked to cancer | show 🗑
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| cancer-linked foods | show 🗑
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| hormonal carcinogenic agents | show 🗑
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| Which specific agents/factors are associated with the etiology of cancer? A-Dietary and genetic factors; B-Hormonal and chemical agents; C-Viruses; D-All of the above | show 🗑
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| type of prevention concerned with reducing cancer risk in healthy people; ex-immunizations, public/pt education on avoiding known carcinogens and lifestyle/dietary changes to reduce cancer risk | show 🗑
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| show | secondary prevention
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| cancer classification: involves epithelial cells; most commonly diagnosed cancers -- originate in the skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands | show 🗑
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| cancer classification: involves connective and supportive tissues; arise in bone, muscle, fat, blood vessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues of the body; are relatively uncommon | show 🗑
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| cancer classification: involves plasma cells | show 🗑
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| cancer classification: involves blood, bone marrow; does not usually form solid tumors | show 🗑
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| cancer classification: involves lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | bone, liver, lung
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| cancer grade that is normal | show 🗑
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| show | 1
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| cancer grade that is moderate | show 🗑
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| show | 3
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| show | 4
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| show | staging
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| show | T: extent of primary tumor (tumor size)
N: lymph node involvement (node involvement)
M: extent of metastasis (distance)
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| term for classification of tumor cells | show 🗑
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| cancer management: complete eradication | show 🗑
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| show | control
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| show | palliation
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| show | diagnostic surgery, or biopsy
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| used for small, easily accessible tumors of the skin, upper or lower gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts | show 🗑
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| performed if tumor mass is too large to be removed; a wedge of tissue from tumor is removed for analysis | show 🗑
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| performed to sample suspicious masses that are easily and safely accessible, such as some masses in the breasts, thyroid, lung, liver, and kidney | show 🗑
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| show | local excision
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| removal of the primary tumor, lymph nodes, adjacent involved structures, and surrounding tissues that may be at high risk for tumor spread | show 🗑
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| show | prophylactic (or risk reduction) surgery
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| performed in an attempt to relieve symptoms, such as ulceration, obstruction, hemorrhage, pain, and malignant effusions; ex-PEG tube insertion for enteral nutrition, colostomy for bowel obstruction | show 🗑
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| may follow curative or extensive surgery in an attempt to improve function or obtain a more desirable cosmetic effect | show 🗑
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| show | external beam radiation therapy (ERBT); aka-teletherapy
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| radiation therapy in which a small container of radioactive material is implanted in the body, in or near the cancerous tumor | show 🗑
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| agents used to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular function, including replication and DNA repair | show 🗑
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| show | allogeneic
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| show | autologous
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| show | syngeneic
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| show | Graft-vs-host disease
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| disease? the small blood vessels that lead into the liver and are inside the liver become blocked | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | 1-stomatitis, 2-mucositis
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| show | extravasation
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| show | alopecia
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| show | cachexia (aka-wasting syndrome)
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| show | C-Use a heating pad every day on the area.
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| S/Sx: altered mental status, either subnormal or elevated temperature, cool and clammy skin, decreased urine output, hypotension, tachycardia, other dysrhythmias, electrolyte imbalances, tachypnea, abnormal arterial blood gas values | show 🗑
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| decrease in circulating platelet count; most common cause of bleeding in patients with cancer, usually defined as platelet count of less than 100,000/mm3 (0.1 × 1012/L) | show 🗑
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| show | ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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| the most common histologic type of breast cancer (80% of all cases); the tumors arise from the duct system and invade the surrounding tissues; they often form a solid irregular mass in the breast | show 🗑
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| show | infiltrating lobular carcinoma
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| about 5% of breast cancers, and it tends to be diagnosed more often in women younger than 50 years; the tumors grow in a capsule inside a duct; can become large and may be mistaken for a fibroadenoma; prognosis is often favorable | show 🗑
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| about 3% of breast cancers and often presents in women who are postmenopausal and are 75 years and older; a mucin producer, the tumor is also slow growing; thus, the prognosis is more favorable than in many other types | show 🗑
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| show | tubular ductal carcinoma
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| show | inflammatory carcinoma
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| rare type of breast cancer involving the areola; most people with this disease also have one or more tumors inside the same breast (either ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer) | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| risk factors for breast cancer | show 🗑
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| genes that, when damaged or mutated, increase a woman’s risk for breast and/or ovarian cancer compared with women without the mutation | show 🗑
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| show | 40 years
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| show | 25 years of age
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| area where breast cancer usually found | show 🗑
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| show | skin dimpling
nipple retraction
skin ulceration
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| removal of the breast tissue, nipple–areola complex, and a portion of the axillary lymph nodes (ALND); used for invasive breast cancer | show 🗑
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| show | total mastectomy
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| show | breast conservation treatment
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| biopsy of first node (or nodes) in the lymphatic basin that receives drainage from the primary tumor in the breast; less invasive alternative to ALND and is considered a standard of care for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer | show 🗑
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| show | lymphedema
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| show | hematoma
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| a pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery | show 🗑
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| show | estrogen and progesterone receptor assay
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| drug class? tamoxifen and raloxifene; blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in breast tissue, which may help keep breast cancer cells from growing; also used for women at high risk of breast cancer | show 🗑
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| drug class? anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane (all for treatment of breast cancer); drug that prevents the formation of estradiol | show 🗑
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| show | transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
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| leading cause of death in the U.S. | show 🗑
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| almost all cases are d/t cigarette smoking; very aggressive; grows quickly; usually starts in the airways in the center of the chest; ~15% of lung tumors are this | show 🗑
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| type of non-small cell lung cancer that is more centrally located; arises more commonly in the segmental and subsegmental bronchi | show 🗑
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| show | adenocarcinoma
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| show | large cell carcinoma (undifferentiated carcinoma)
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| show | -often asymptomatic until late in course; depends on location and size of tumor
-cough
-dyspnea
-blood tinged sputum
-chest or shoulder pain
-anorexia, fatigue, and weakness
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| show | pneumonectomy
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| a single lobe of the lung is removed | show 🗑
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| two lobes of the lung are removed | show 🗑
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| a segment of the lung is removed | show 🗑
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| removal of a small, pie-shaped area of the segment | show 🗑
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| the partial or full surgical removal of soft tissue, cartilage, sternum and/or ribs | show 🗑
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| clinical manifestations of colon cancer | show 🗑
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| show | adenocarcinoma
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| risk factors for colon cancer | show 🗑
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| show | digital rectal exam
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| show | -increasing age
-familial predisposition
-African American race
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| show | -early--few or no symptoms
-urinary obstruction, blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation
-Sx of metastasis may be the first manifestations
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| show | -therapeutic vaccine, prostatectomy, hormonal therapy (ADT-androgen deprivation therapy)
-radiation therapy, chemotherapy
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| show | backache, hip pain, perineal and rectal discomfort, anemia, weight loss, weakness, nausea, oliguria, and spontaneous pathologic fractures
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| show | nadir
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| lab test to check for a protein made by the prostate gland and found in the blood; levels may be higher than normal in men who have prostate cancer, BPH, or infection or inflammation of the prostate gland | show 🗑
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| show | radical prostatectomy
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| used to ablate prostate cancer in patients who cannot tolerate surgery and in those with recurrent prostate cancer; transperineal probes are inserted into the prostate under ultrasound guidance to freeze the tissue directly | show 🗑
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| show | orchiectomy
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| show | transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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| dissection of this area (anterior and lateral to the external iliac vessels) is associated with an increased risk of lymphedema; used in some pts to provide info for staging the tumor and to remove an area of microscopic metastasis | show 🗑
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| show | Hemorrhage and shock
Infection
Venous thromboembolism
Catheter obstruction
Complications with catheter removal
Urinary incontinence
Sexual dysfunction
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| useful in irrigating the bladder and preventing clot formation; continuous irrigation may be used with TURP | show 🗑
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| show | hematopoietic malignancy with unregulated proliferation of leukocytes
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| unregulated proliferation of leukocytes in the bone marrow; leaves little room for normal cell production; acute forms can infiltrate into other organs | show 🗑
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| leukemia causes | show 🗑
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| most common non-lymphocytic leukemia; affects all ages; Sx: fever and infection, weakness and fatigue, bleeding tendencies, pain from enlarged liver or spleen, hyperplasia of gums, bone pain; Tx: aggressive chemotherapy, possible HSCT | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
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| show | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
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| show | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
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| common malignancy of older adults; most prevalent type of adult leukemia; Sx: “B symptoms” (a constellation of Sx--fevers, drenching sweats (especially at night), and unintentional weight loss, later stages- lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly | show 🗑
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| type of leukemia? Tx: early stage--“watch and wait”, chemotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy, IVIG for recurrent infections, and HSCT | show 🗑
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| show | -anemia, infection, and bleeding (the big 3)
-weakness and fatigue, dyspnea, petechiae, ecchymosis, pallor, abd pain
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| lab tests for assessment of leukemia? | show 🗑
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| nursing interventions for mucositis | show 🗑
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| nursing interventions to improve nutritional intake | show 🗑
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| nursing interventions for maintaining fluid and electrolytes | show 🗑
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| How do you pass this course? | show 🗑
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| show | skin cancer
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| show | basal cell carcinoma
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| generally appears in sun exposed areas of the body (i.e. face, neck, hands, and scalp); localized tumor---therefore prognosis is good; least deadly---rarely causes morbidity or death | show 🗑
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| show | squamous cell carcinoma
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| show | squamous cell carcinoma
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| medical management: eradicate tumor, Tx depends on location/type/depth; alternatives: radiation, photodynamic therapy, topical chemotherapeutic creams; surgical: surgical incision, Mohs micrographic surgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery | show 🗑
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| manifests as a change in nevus or a new growth on the skin; color is dark, red, blue colored or a mix; irregular shape; itching, rapid growth, ulceration, bleeding; cancerous neoplasm preset in dermis and epidermis | show 🗑
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| show | melanoma
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| nursing assessment for skin cancer | show 🗑
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| ABCDEs of moles | show 🗑
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| nursing diagnoses r/t melanoma | show 🗑
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| nursing process: planning/goals r/t melanoma | show 🗑
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| skin cancer prevention | show 🗑
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| show | HbS (sickle hemoglobin)
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| sickle cell anemia most commonly found in what ethnicity? | show 🗑
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| show | less severe forms of sickle cell anemia
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| blood flow to region or organ may be reduced; reduced blood flow leads to ischemia or infarction; ischemia/infarction may cause pain, swelling, and fever; crises are intermittent-aggravated by cold causing vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| show | tachycardia, cardiac murmurs, enlarged heart; leads to dysrhythmias & CHF
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| show | sickle cell anemia
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| Are patients with sickle cell anemia susceptible to infection? If so, primarily what types? | show 🗑
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| show | acute vaso-occlussive crisis
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| from infection with the human parvovirus, hemoglobin drops rapidly and the marrow cannot compensate, leading to an absence of reticulocytes | show 🗑
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| results when organs pool the sickled cells; spleen is often effected in children (splenic infarction happens often by 10 years of age, leaving spleen non-functional); liver and lungs are effected in the adult population | show 🗑
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| show | Acute Chest Syndrome
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| show | Pulmonary Hypertension
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| SCD usually diagnosed when? life expectancy rarely exceeds the __th decade | show 🗑
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| show | -H&P
-Pain assess
-Lab data: S-shaped HGB
-Presence of Sx and impact of those Sx on pt’s life--swelling, fever, pain
-Sickle cell crisis assess
-Blood loss: menses, potential GI loss
-CV and neuro assess
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| the only curative treatment of SCD? (Tx is limited b/c of compatible donors and severe organ damage already present in the pt) | show 🗑
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| a chemo that decreases formation of sickled cells but is unknown if it reverses organ damage; side effects include suppression of leukocyte formation, teratogenesis, and potential development of a malignancy; adherence to medication is a problem | show 🗑
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| show | prevent estrogen from binding to the receptor sites, thus preventing tumor growth
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| show | good- for blood lipid profiles and bone mineral density in women who are postmenopausal; bad-also effects endometrial tissue and blood coagulation processes, leading to an increased incidence of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events
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nurse savage
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