Chapter 1
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| Social psychology | The scientific study of how people think about, influence and relate to one another.
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| What are the 4 aspects of social thinking? | 1.How we perceive ourselvves and others 2.What we believe 3.Judgements we make 4.Our attitudes
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| Whata re the 4 aspects of social influence? | 1.Culture and biology 2.Pressures to conform 3.Persuasion 4.Groups of people
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| What are 4 aspects of social relations? | 1.Helping 2.Aggression 3.Attraction and intimacy 4.Prejudice
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| What is the difference between social psychology and sociology? | Sociology: The study of people in groups and societies. Social psychology: Individuals, often studied through experimentation.
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| When asking ourselves "how much of the social world is just in our heads?" what 2 factors should we consider (2)? | Objectivity and perspective (how we approach and view situations)
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| What 3 questions arise from the statement "we construct our social reality"? | 1.Do we have an optimistic outlook? 2.Do we see ourselves as in control of things? 3.Do we view ourselves as relatively superior or inferior?
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| "Do we have an optimistic outlook?", "do we see ourselves as in control of things?", "do we view ourselves as superior or inferior?". These questions all relate to what statement? | We construct our social reality
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| What are the 6 major themes of social psychology? | 1.We construct our social reality 2.Our social intuitions are often powerful but sometimes perilous 3.Social influences shape behaviour 4.Dispositions shape behaviour 5.Social behaviour is also biological behaviour 6.Relating to others is a basic need
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| In what way are social intuitions powerful? | We know more than we know we know
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| In what 3 ways are social intuitions perilous? | 1.Misperceiving 2.Misread our own minds 3.Trust our memories more than we should
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| What 2 statements are true of social thinking? | 1.We construct our own reality 2.Social intuitions are often powerful, sometimes perilous
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| What 2 statements are true of social influences? | 1.Social influences shape behaviour 2.Dispositions shape behaviour (nature and nurture)
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| What 2 statements are true of social relations? | 1.Social behaviour is also bioloigcal behaviour 2.Relating to others is a basic need
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| How do "social influences shape our behaviour"? | We adapt to out social context; our behaviour is shaped by external forces (culture, ehtnicity, politics, where you live).
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| Explain "personal attitudes and dispositions shape our behaviour". | Our inner attitude affect out behaviour. Personality desipositions (character/nature) affect our behaviour.
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| Explain "social behaviour is biologically rooted". | Nature and nurture together form who we are. Biology and experience form who we are. Ancestors needed to survive and reproduce.
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| Social neuroscience | An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours.
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| We reflect the interplay of what 3 influences? | 1.biological 2.psychological 3.social
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| Explain 2 factors of "relating to others is a basic need". | 1.Relationships with others is a source of stress and pain, as well as joy and comfort. 2.Our relationships with others form the basis of our self-esteem
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| What are 4 obious ways in which values enter social psychology. | 1.Our choice of research topics 2.Values differ across time (social psychology reflects hisotry:feminist movement 1970s> research on gender & feminism) 3.Values differ across cultures 4.Values influence types of people attracted to various disciplines
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| Objective | (of a person or their judgement) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
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| Culture | The enduring behaviours, ideas, traditions, products, and institutions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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| Social representations | Socially shared beliefs; widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.
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| ur perceptions guide our ____. | interpretations
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| Explain the "subjective aspects of science". | Science is not purely objective: scientists interpret nature, using their own mental categories.
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| In what 3 ways do psychologists' own values play an important part in the thoeires and judegments they support? | 1.Forming concepts 2.Labelling 3.Naturalistic fallacy
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| Explain forming concepts (as hidden vlaues in psychological concepts). | Psychologists' hidden values; for example, high self-esteem or defensiveness?
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| Explain "labelling" (as hidden values in psychological concepts). | Social-psychological language; forex ample, hijab = oppression of women or expression of religious faith? Depends on your interpretation of islamic faith.
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| Explain "naturalistic fallacy" (as a hidden value in psychological concepts). | What "is" and what "ought to be" > if most people don't do it, that doesn't make it wrong. if most people do it, that doesn't make it right.
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| Naturalistic fallacy | The error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable: for example, what's typical is normal, what's normal is good.
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| Social psychology faces which 2 contradictory criticisms? | 1.It is trivial because it documents the obvious 2.It is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people.
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| Hindsight bias | The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out; also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon".
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| "Common sense can often be wrong, and is usually right after the fact" is an description of _____. | hindsight bias
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| Theory | An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
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| Facts vs theories | Facts: agreed upon statemens we observe. Theories: ideas that summarize and explain facts.
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| Hypotheses | Testable propositions that describe relationships that may exist between events.
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| Name 3 purposes of hypotheses. | 1.Allow us to test the theory on which they are based 2.Predictions give direction to research 3.The predictive feature of good theories can also make them practical
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| Operationalization | Translating variables that are described at the theoretical level into the specific variables that we are going to observe (when testing our theories with specific hypotheses) Ex: crowd= 20 strangers together in a relatively small room .
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| A good theory must be ____ and ____. | valid, reliable
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| What does a good theory accomplish (2)? | 1.It effectively summarizes many observations 2.It makes clear predictions that we can use to do the following: confirm or modify the theory, generate new exploration, and suggest practical applications
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| Name 2 locations where social-psychological research takes place. | 1.Laboratories (a controlled situation) 2.Field research (everyday situations)
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| Name 2 methods of social-psychological research. | 1.Correlational research 2.Experimental research
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| What is an advantage of correlational research? | It tends to occur in real-world settings in which we can examine factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, etc.
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| What is a disadvantage of correlational research? | Ambiguity of results
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| Field research | Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
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| Correlational research | The study of the naturally occuring relationships among variables.
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| Experimental research | Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).
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| Correlation vs causation | Correlational research allows us to predict, but it cannot tell us whether changing one variable will cause changes in another. X > Y. Y > X. X < Z > Y
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| Coefficient "r" | The degree of relationship between two factors: from -1.0 (as one factor score goes up the other goes down), through 0, to +1.0 (the two factors' scores rise and fall together).
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| Random sample | Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.
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| Name 4 potentially biasing influences when evalutating surveys. | 1.Unrepresentative samples 2.Order of the questions 3.Response bias and social desirability 4.Wording of the questions
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| Social desirability | The tendency for people to say what they want others to hear or what they want to believe about themselves.
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| Independent variables | Experimental factors that a researcher manipulates.
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| Dependent variables | The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manioulations of the independed variable.
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| Random assignment | The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.
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| Advantage and disadvantage of correlational research. | Advantage: Often uses real-world settings. Disadvantage: Causation often ambiguous
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| Advantage and disadvantage of experimental research. | Advantage: Can explore cause and effect by controlling variables and by random assignment. Disadvantage: Some important variables cannot be studied with experiments (unethical - ex: effect of alcoholic parents on a child)
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| Random assignment vs random sampling | Random assignment helps us infer cause and effect. Random sampling helps us generalize a population.
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| Observational research methods | Where individuals are observed in natural settings, often without awareness, in order to provide the opportunity for objective analysis of behaviour.
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| Mundane realism | Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations (substandard, not great).
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| Experimental realism | Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants
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| Demand characteristics | Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behaviour is expected (do not want this-behaviour will not be genuine).
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| Name 5 ethical principles. | 1.Tell participants enough about experiment to enable informed consent 2.Be truthful Use deception only if necessary & justified 3.Protect people from harm & significant discomfort 4.Confidentiality 5. Debrief (except when feedback it distressing)
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| Informed consent | An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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| What is social psychology? | The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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| What are the 6 major themes of social psychology? | 1.We cosntruct our social reality 2.Personal attitudes are often powerful but sometimes perilous 3.Personal attitudes &dispositions shape behaviour 4.Social behaviour is biologically rooted 5.Relating to others: basic need 6.Applicable in everyday life
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| In what 2 ovious ways do social psychologists' values penetrate their work? | 1.Their choice of research topics 2.The types of people who are attracted to various fields of study
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| Social psychologsts organize their ideas and findings into ____. | theories
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| _______ studies, sometimes conducted with systematic survey methofs, discern the relationship between variables, such as between the amount of education and amount of income, | Correlational
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| Social-psychological research is either _____ or _____. | correlational, experimental
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| Knowing that two things are natually related (correlational research) is valuable information, but it is not a reliable indicator of what 2 factors? | 1. Cause-effect relationships 2.Presence of 3rd variable
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