CellBio
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What does unsaturated mean? | A double bond is present in a phospholipid and there is a decrease in the number of hydrogens that can be bound to the carbon atoms.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 factors that have a profound effect on the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer? | 1) The length of the fatty acyl tails. Shorter tails = more fluid. 2) The presence of double bonds (unsaturation) more double bonds = more fluid. 3) The presence of cholesterol. Cholesterol tends to stabilize membranes vs the effects of temperature.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two experiments used to prove fluidity? | The mouse and human cell mixed together, FRAP experiment.
🗑
|
||||
| What was the procedure for the human/mouse cell experiment. | A mouse and human cell was fused. the temperature was lowered and a flourescently labeled antibody that recognized the mouse H2 protein was added. (control) Incubate a cell then cool and add the same anit.. Due to the lateral movement h2 is everywhere.
🗑
|
||||
| What was the procedure for the FRAP experiement? | Flourescent molecule labeles cell surface proteins, expose cell o laser beam which bleaches a small region on the cell surface, incubate and due to lateral movement, the bleach and unbleach molecules mix with eachother.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycosylation | The process of covalently attaching a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycolipd | Carbohydrate attached to a lipid
🗑
|
||||
| Glycoprotein | Protein attached to a carbohydrate
🗑
|
||||
| mannose-6-phosphate | proteins that are destined for the lysosome are glycosylated and have this sugar that is recognized by other proteins in the cell.
🗑
|
||||
| glycocalyx | cell coat, carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface that shields the cell from mechanical and physical damage.
🗑
|
||||
| transmission electron microscopy | sample is thin sectioned and stained with heavy metal dye.
🗑
|
||||
| Freeze fracture electron microscopy | sample is frozen in liquid nitrogen, split and fractured. coated with metal and viewed under the electron microscope.
🗑
|
||||
| P-face | Leaflet in a FFEM sample. protoplasmic face that was next to the cytosol
🗑
|
||||
| E-face | Leaflet in a FFEM sample. extracellular face
🗑
|
||||
| transport proteins | allow membranes to be selectively permeable by providing a passage way for the movement of some buy not all substances across the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| High permeability | gases, very small uncharged polar molecules, such as ethanol
🗑
|
||||
| moderate permeability | water, urea
🗑
|
||||
| low permeability | polar organic molecules such a glucose
🗑
|
||||
| very low permeability | ions, charged polar molecules and macromolecules: ATP amino aids, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
🗑
|
||||
| passive diffusion | when diffusion occurs through a membrane without the aid of a trnsport proteing
🗑
|
||||
| transmembrane gradient | concentration of a solute is higher on one side of membrane than the other
🗑
|
||||
| ion electrochemical gradient | gradients involving ions, dual gradient that has both an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient.
🗑
|
||||
| passive transport | diffusion of solutes across a membrane that doesn't not require an input of energy. tend to dissipate a preexisting gradient
🗑
|
||||
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion which involves the aid of transport proteins.
🗑
|
||||
| isotonic solutions | when the solute concentrations on both sides of the plasma membrane are equal
🗑
|
||||
| hypertonic | when the solute concentration inside the cell is higher, it is hypertonic relative to the outside of the cell
🗑
|
||||
| hypotonic | when the solute concentration inside the cell is lower, it is hypotonic relative to the outside of the cell.
🗑
|
||||
| osmosis | water diffuses through a membrane from the hypotonic compartment into the hypertonic compartment
🗑
|
||||
| crenation | when water exits the cell via osmosis to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane, causing the cell to shrink
🗑
|
||||
| osmotic lysis | water diffuses into a cell to equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane, The cell may take so much water that it burst... it just got lysised SUCKA
🗑
|
||||
| osmotic pressure | the hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane due to osmosis.
🗑
|
||||
| plasmolysis | wilting
🗑
|
||||
| CHIP 28 experiment | Chip 28 m RNA injected into frog oocytes, occytes placed into a hypotonic medium and observed under a light microscope.. Chip 28 cell burst due to osmotic lysis.
🗑
|
||||
| aquaporin | new name for CHIP 28
🗑
|
||||
| channels | transmembrane proteins that form an open passageway for the facilitated diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| gated | most channels are gated which meants that they can open to allow the diffusion of solutes and close to prohibit diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| ligand-gated channels | controlled by the non-covalent binding of small molecules such as hormones or neurotransmitters
🗑
|
||||
| voltage-gated | he channel opens and closes in response to changes in the amount of electric charge across the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| mechanosensitive channels | sensitive to changes in membrane tension
🗑
|
||||
| TRANSPORTERS | aka carriers, bind their solutes and a hydrophilic pocket and undergo a conformational change that switches the exposure of the pocket to the other side of the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Uniporters | bind a single molecule or ion and trasport in across the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| symporters | bind two or more ions or molecules and transport them in the same directions
🗑
|
||||
| Antiporters | bind two or more ions or molecules and transport them in opposite directions
🗑
|
||||
| pump | transporter that directly couples its conformational changes to an energy sources, such as ATP hydrolysis Pumps use energy to achieve active transport
🗑
|
||||
| Active transport | the movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient.
🗑
|
||||
| Primary active transport | involves the functioning of pumps that directly use energy to transport a solute, against its gradient
🗑
|
||||
| secondary active transport | involves the utilization of a preexisting gradient to drive the active transport of a solute
🗑
|
||||
| electrogenic pump | generates an electrical gradient
🗑
|
||||
| exocytosis | a process in which material inside the cell, which is packaged into vesicles, is excreted into the extracellular environment
🗑
|
||||
| endocytosis | plasma membrane invaginates, or folds inward, to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell
🗑
|
||||
| clatheryn | makes up the protein coat for endo and exo cytosis
🗑
|
||||
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | a receptor is specific for a gien cargo, when a receptor binds to that cargo this stimulates the binding of clatheryn to the membrane and initiates the formation of a vesicle.
🗑
|
||||
| pincoytosis | cell drinking, formation of membrane vesicles from the plasma membrane as a way for cells to internalized extracellular fluid, which allows the cell to sample the extracellular solutes. important in cells that line the intestine in animals
🗑
|
||||
| phagocytosis | cell eating, involves the formation of an enormous membrane vesicles called a phagosome that engulfs a large particle such as a bacterium. used by macrophages, cells of the immune system in mammals.
🗑
|
||||
| Turgor pressure | pushes plasma membrane against cell wall Maintains shape and size
🗑
|
||||
| Transport proteins | enable biological membranes to be selectively permeable
🗑
|
||||
| 2 Classes of Transport Proteins: Channels and Transporters |
🗑
|
||||
| Channel types | Ligand-gated Intracellular regulatory proteins Phosphorylation Voltage-gated Mechanosensitive channels
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolism | Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism Also refers to specific chemical reactions at the cellular level
🗑
|
||||
| 2 factors that influence a biological chemical reaction | Direction: Many cells use ATP to drive reactions in one direction Rate: Catalysts called enzyme can speed the reaction rate
🗑
|
||||
| Energy | Ability to promote change
🗑
|
||||
| Kinetic | associated with movement
🗑
|
||||
| Potential | structure or location Chemical energy- energy in molecular bonds
🗑
|
||||
| First law of thermodynamics | Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed Second law of thermodynamics
🗑
|
||||
| Increase in entropy | favorable
🗑
|
||||
| Entropy | a measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work
🗑
|
||||
| Energy transformations | involve an increase in entropy
🗑
|
||||
| Total energy | Usable energy + Unusable energy
🗑
|
||||
| H | G + TS
🗑
|
||||
| Will a given reaction be spontaneous? | Occur without input of additional energy, Not necessarily fast, Key factor is the free energy change
🗑
|
||||
| Exergonic | ΔG<0 or negative free energy change, Spontaneous
🗑
|
||||
| Endergonic | ΔG>0 or positive free energy change, Requires addition of free energy, Not spontaneous
🗑
|
||||
| ATP Hydrolysis | provides the energy for cellular processes that are endergonic
🗑
|
||||
| The energy to make ATP | comes from catabolic reactions that are exergonic
🗑
|
||||
| Activation Energy | required for molecules to achieve a transition state
🗑
|
||||
| Catalyst | an agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes (are) | protein or RNA catalysts in living cells
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes (do) | lower activation energy
🗑
|
||||
| 3 ways to lower activation energy | Straining bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state, Positioning reactants together to facilitate bonding, Changing local environment: Direct participation through very temporary bonding
🗑
|
||||
| Active site | location where reaction takes place
🗑
|
||||
| Substrate | reactants that bind to active site
🗑
|
||||
| Enzyme-substrate complex | formed when enzyme and substrate bind together
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes have | a high affinity or high degree of specificity for a substrate,Like a lock and key for substrate and enzyme binding
🗑
|
||||
| Induced fit | interaction also involves conformational changes
🗑
|
||||
| Prosthetic group | small molecules permanently attached to the enzyme
🗑
|
||||
| Cofactors | usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme
🗑
|
||||
| Coenzyme | organic molecules that participates in reaction but are left unchanged afterward
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes are affected by the environment | Most enzymes function maximally in a narrow range or temperature and pH
🗑
|
||||
| Overview of metabolism | Chemical reactions occur in metabolic pathways/ Each step is coordinated by a specific enzyme /Catabolic pathways: Result in breakdown and are exergonic /Anabolic pathways: Promote synthesis and are endergonic; Must be coupled to exergonic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Catabolic reactions | Breakdown of reactants / Used for recycling / Used to obtain energy for use with endergonic reactions: Energy stored in energy intermediates (ATP, NADH)
🗑
|
||||
| 2 ways to make ATP | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation, Chemiosmosis
🗑
|
||||
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule
🗑
|
||||
| Chemiosmosis | Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidation | Removal of Electrions
🗑
|
||||
| Reduction | Addition of electrons
🗑
|
||||
| Redox | electron removed from one molecule is added to another
🗑
|
||||
| Electrons removed by oxidation | are used to create energy intermediates like NADH
🗑
|
||||
| NADH | Oxidized to make ATP / Can donate electrons during synthesis reactions
🗑
|
||||
| Regulation Metabolic pathways | Gene regulation, cellular regulation, biochemical regulation
🗑
|
||||
| Gene regulation | turn on or off genes
🗑
|
||||
| Cellular regulation | cell signaling pathways like hormones
🗑
|
||||
| Biochemical regulation | competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive inhibitors
🗑
|
||||
| Competitive inhibitors | compete for access to active site
🗑
|
||||
| Noncompetitive inhibitors | bind outside the active site
🗑
|
||||
| Allosteric site | binding causes conformational change in enzyme active site inhibiting enzyme function
🗑
|
||||
| Feedback inhibition | product of pathway inhibits early steps to prevent overaccumulation of product
🗑
|
||||
| Cellular respiration | Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules / Primary aim to make energy-storing ATP and NADH
🗑
|
||||
| Aerobic respiration | uses oxygen / O2 consumed and CO2 released
🗑
|
||||
| 4 metabolic pathways for Glucose: 1) Glycolysis 2) Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group 3) Citric acid cycle 4) Oxidative phosphorylation |
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondrial structure and functions | outer and inner membrane: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix / Primary Role is to make ATP / Also involved in synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules / can also generate heat in brown fat cells
🗑
|
||||
| Glycolysis | Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen Steps in glycolysis nearly identical in all living species 10 steps (reactions) in 3 phases
🗑
|
||||
| Phases of glycolysis | Energy investment, Cleavage, Energy Liberation
🗑
|
||||
| Energy investment | 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1, 6- biphosphate
🗑
|
||||
| Cleavage | 6 carbon molecule broken into two 3-carbon molecles of glycerldehyde-3-phosphate
🗑
|
||||
| Energy Liberation | 2 glyceradldehyde-3-phosphate molecules borken down in to two pyruvate molecules produceing 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 net ATP)
🗑
|
||||
| Breakdown of Pyruvate | pyruvate in transported to the mitochondrial matrix / Broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase / Molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate / Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA / 1 NADH is made for each pyruvate
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolic cycle | Particular molecules enter while other leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated with each cycle
🗑
|
||||
| Citric Acid Cycle | 1) Acetyl is removed from incoming Acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate (OAA) to form citrate or citric acid 2) Series of steps releases 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 3) OAA is regenerated to start the cycle again
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | High energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidation Phosphorylation involves | Typically require oxygen, oxidative process involves ETC, Phosphorylation catalyzed by ATP synthase
🗑
|
||||
| Electron transport chain | Group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitcohondrial membrane / Can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of redox reactions
🗑
|
||||
| Movement of Electrons in ETC | generates H+ electrochemical gradient (“proton-motive force”)
🗑
|
||||
| Excess of _______ outside the matrix | positive charge outside of matrix
🗑
|
||||
| ATP synthase | Enzyme harnesses free energy as H+ flow through membrane embedded region / Energy conversion- H+ electrochemical gradient or proton motive force converted to chemical bond energy in ATP / Rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins
🗑
|
||||
| Anaerobic metabolism 2 strategies | Use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in ETC / Carry out glycolysis only: Pyruvate -> lactic acid in muscles or ethanol in yeast
🗑
|
||||
| Fermentation | anaerobic and produces far less ATP
🗑
|
||||
| Primary metabolism | essential for cell structure and function
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary metabolism | synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth: unique to spp or group: defense, attraction, protection, competition
🗑
|
||||
| 4 categories of secondary metabolites | Phenolics, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Polyketides
🗑
|
||||
| Phenolics | antioxidants w/intense flavors and smells
🗑
|
||||
| Alkaloids | bitter tasting molecules for defense
🗑
|
||||
| Terpenoids | intense smells and colors
🗑
|
||||
| Polyketides | chemical weapons
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
oconnora7
Popular Biology sets