Key terms for Europe and Russia Unit.
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| European Union (EU) | A supranational organization through which a number of European countries work together on shared issues.
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| supranational cooperation | a form of international cooperation in which countries give up some control of their affairs as they work together to achieve shared goals.
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| centrifugal force |
a force that divides people and countries
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| centripetal force |
a force that unites people and countries
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| Push factors | Something that encourages people to leave a place behind.
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| Pull factors | Something that encourages people to move to a new place.
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| Common Market | a group of countries that act as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries
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| trade bloc |
A group of countries that work together to promote trade with one another.
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| demography |
the study of human populations
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| birth rate | The number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.
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| death rate | The number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.
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| dependency ratio | the number of old and young dependents who don't work compared with the working-age population
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| population pyramid | A graph that shows the ages and sexes in a population, with the youngest ages as the bottom. The graph is often shaped like a pyramid.
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| life expectancy | the average age a person in a given population can expect to live
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| replacement rate | the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself
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| total fertility rate | the average number of children a woman in a given population will have in her lifetime
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| Demographic transition model |
A model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy.
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| pollution | Damage to the natural environment caused by harmful substances.
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| transboundary pollution | pollution that starts in one country and crosses boundaries into other countries
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| acid rain | rain that can damage the environment because it contains acid from factory smoke and car exhaust
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| nuclear radiation | a form of energy that comes from nuclear reactions
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| river system | a river and all the streams that flow into it
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| erosion | the gradual wearing away of Earth's surface by the action of wind, water, ice, and gravity
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| glaciation | the creation and movement of glaciers
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| physical processes | natural forces that change Earth's physical features
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| tectonic movement | the movement of plates below Earth's surface
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| volcanic activity | the formation and eruption of volcanoes
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