Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Genetics & Env
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| species heredity | show 🗑
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| show | The evolutionary principle that individuals who have characteristics advantageous for survival in a particular environment are most likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this process of “survival of the fittest” will lead to changes in a species and the development of new species.
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| evolutionary psychology | show 🗑
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| show | Change in a species achieved not through biological evolution but through learning and passing on from one generation to the next new ways of adapting to the environment.
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| show | The moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote.
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| show | A single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum.
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| chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | The process in which a germ cell divides, producing sperm or ova, each containing half of the parent cell’s original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis normally contain 23 chromosomes.
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| show | The process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
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| show | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment; it is made up of sequences of the chemicals A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine).
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| Human Genome Project | show 🗑
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| show | A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.
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| identical twins | show 🗑
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| fraternal twins | show 🗑
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| X chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | The shorter of the two sex chromosomes; normal males have one Y chromosome, whereas females have none.
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| show | The genetic endowment that an individual inherits. Contrast with phenotype.
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| show | The way in which a person’s genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics.
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| show | The activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times in life.
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| show | The genetic mechanism through which a characteristic is influenced by only one pair of genes, one gene from the mother and its partner from the father.
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| dominant gene | show 🗑
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| recessive gene | show 🗑
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| sex-linked inheritance | show 🗑
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| show | A deficiency in the blood’s ability to clot. It is more common among males than females because it is associated with a sex-linked gene on the X chromosome.
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| polygenic inheritance | show 🗑
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| mutation | show 🗑
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| show | Instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders.
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| show | Conditions in which a child has too few, too many, or incomplete chromosomes because of errors in the formation of sperm or ova.
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| show | A chromosomal abnormality in which the child has inherited an extra 21st chromosome and is, as a result, intellectually disabled; also called trisomy 21.
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| show | A chromosome abnormality in which a child receives too many or too few sex chromosomes (X or Y).
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| show | A genetic blood disease in which red blood cells assume an unusual sickle shape and become inefficient at distributing oxygen throughout the body.
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| carrier | show 🗑
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| Huntington’s disease | show 🗑
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| show | A genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and mental retardation.
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| show | Method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves—for example, scanning the womb and thereby producing a visual outline of the fetus to detect gross abnormalities.
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| amniocentesis | show 🗑
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| show | An alternative to amniocentesis in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells from the chorion for prenatal testing to detect genetic defects.
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| maternal blood sampling | show 🗑
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| show | Prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a mother’s eggs are fertilized in the laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques, DNA tests are conducted on the first cells that result from mitosis of each fertilized egg, and only eggs that do not have chromosome abnormalities or genes associated with disorders are implanted in the uterus.
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| show | The scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them in traits such as intelligence and personality.
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| show | The amount of variability in a population on some trait dimension that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals.
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| show | Method of studying genetic and environmental influence in which the similarity of identical twins is compared to that of (less genetically similar) fraternal twins, often in studies involving both twins reared together and twins reared apart.
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| adoption study | show 🗑
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| family study | show 🗑
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| show | The percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for both members of a pair of people (for example, twins) if it is present for one member.
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| shared environmental influences | show 🗑
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| show | Experiences unique to the individual that are not shared by other members of the family and that tend to make members of the same family different. Contrast with shared environmental influences.
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| show | The analysis of particular genes and their effects, including the identification of specific genes that influence particular traits and the comparison of animals or humans who have these specific genes and those who do not.
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| show | A genetically based pattern of tendencies to respond in predictable ways; building blocks of personality.
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| schizophrenia | show 🗑
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| show | The phenomenon in which the effects of people’s genes depend on the kind of environment they experience and in which the effects of the environment depend on their genetic endowment.
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| diathesis-stress model | show 🗑
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| show | The concept that some people’s genetic makeup makes them more reactive than other people to both good and bad environmental influences.
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| show | A systematic interrelationship between an individual’s genes and that individual’s environment; ways in which genes influence the kind of home environment provided by parents (passive gene–environment correlation), the social reactions to the individual (evocative gene–environment correlation), and the types of experiences the individual seeks (active gene–environment correlation).
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| show | Phenomenon in which, because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with (and typically reinforce) their genotypes. Contrast with active gene–environment correlation and evocative gene–environment correlation.
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| evocative gene–environment correlation | show 🗑
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| show | Phenomenon in which children’s genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience. Contrast with evocative gene–environment correlation and passive gene–environment correlation.
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| genetically informed study | show 🗑
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| epigenesis | show 🗑
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| epigenetic effects | show 🗑
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| gene therapy | show 🗑
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