A & P 1-4
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| The scientific term for the study if body structure? | anatomy
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| The scientific term for the study of body functions? | physiology
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| List the levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
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| Which system deals with the skin, and is used for the outermost protection? | integumentary (skin)
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| What body system is considered the body's basic framework? | skeletal (bones, femoral)
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| Which body system helps produce movement? | muscular (cardiac muscle)
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| What body system deals with control and coordination? | nervous (brain)
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| What body system controls body function and responses? | endocrine (thyroid gland)
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| What body system makes/pumps blood? | cardiovascular (heart)
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| Which body system assist in circulation by returning fluids from the tissues to the blood? | lymphatic (lymph nodes)
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| What body system takes in air and sends it to the area of the lungs for gas exchange? | respiratory (lungs)
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| What body system is involved with taking in nutrients and converting them into forms that the body can use? | digestive (stomach)
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| Which two body systems generate energy to fuel all body systems? | respiratory and digestive
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| Which body system is used to rid the body of waste and excess water? | urinary (urinary tract)
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| Which body system includes external sex organs | reproductive (ovary)
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| What is the term related to a state of internal balance of consistency in the body? | homeostasis
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| What is the term with fluid inside the cells? | intracellular
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| What is the main way of maintaining negative feedback? | homeostasis
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| What is the term of fluid outside of a cell? | extracellular
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| For consistency, all descriptions assume that the body is in what position? | anatomical
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| What term means above or higher when referring to directional terms? | superior (towards feet, interior)
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| What term is located toward the belly surface or front of the body when referring to directional terms? | anterior (ventral)
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| What term would be referring to your back side, towards your butt when referring to directional terms? | posterior (dorsal)
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| What term means near to the imaginary plane that passes through the mid-line of the body when referring to directional terms? | medial
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| What term means farther away from the mid-line of the body, toward the sides when referring to directional terms? | lateral
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| What term means nearer to the origin or attachment point of a structure when referring to directional terms? | proximal
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| What term refers to being farther away from the point of attachment, referring to directional terms? | distal
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| What are the two main body cavities? | ventral and dorsal
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| The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are in what main body cavity? | dorsal
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| What separates the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity? | diaphragm
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| What word part means apart, or away from? | dis-
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| What word part means the study of? | logy-
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| What word part means disease? | patho-
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| What word part means nature or physical? | physio-
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| What does the word part tomy mean? | cut
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| What does the word part extra mean? | outside of, beyond
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| What does the word part homeo mean? | same
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| What does the word part intra mean? | within
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| What does the word part stasis mean? | constancy
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| The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter is known as what? | chemistry
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| What unique substance makes up all matter? | elements
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| What 4 main elements make up 96% of body weight? | hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
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| What is the smallest unit of an element known as? | atom
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| What element is associated with the symbol O? | oxygen
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| What element is associated with the symbol C? | carbon
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| What element is associated with the symbol H? | hydrogen
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| What element is associated with the symbol N? | nitrogen
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| What is the symbol for calcium? | Ca
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| What is the symbol for phosphorus? | P
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| What is the symbol for potassium? | K
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| What is the symbol for sulfur? | S
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| What is the element associated with the symbol S? | sulfur
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| What is the element associated with the symbol Na? | sodium
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| What is the symbol for iron? | Fe
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| What is the symbol for magnesium? | Mg
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| What is the element associated with the symbol Cl? | chlorine
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| When an atom interacts with other atoms to stabilize its outermost energy level a bond is formed between atoms and is known as what? | chemical bonds
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| When electrons are transferred from one atom to another what type of bond is formed? | ionic bonds
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| What is a positively charged ion called? | cation
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| What is a negatively charged ion called? | anion
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| Compounds that release ions when they dissolve into water are called what? | electrolytes
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| What is the abbreviation for an electroencephalogram and what does it look at? | EEG. brain
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| What is the abbreviation for electrocardiogram and what does it look at? | EKG, heart
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| What bond involves NOT the exchange of electrons but a sharing of electrons between atoms? | covalent bonds
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| What does two or more atoms that unite covalently form? | molecule
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| What is the abbreviation for water? | H2o
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| What is the abbreviation for bicarbonate ions? | HCo3-
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| What do you get when you blend two or more substances? | mixture
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| A mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another is called what? | solution
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| The dissolving substance, which is water in the body, is called what? | solvent
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| The substance dissolved, table salt in the case of water, is called what? | solute
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| What solution is one in which water is the solvent? | aqueous
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| Some organic compounds form what, in which the molecules do not dissolve yet remain evenly distributed in the suspending material? | colloids
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| Substances, such as salt, that mix with or dissolve in water are called what (also known as water-loving)? | hydrophilic
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| What chemical substance is capable of releasing a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water? | acid
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| Which chemical substance can accept (react with) a hydrogen ion? | base
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| Substances such as fats, that do not dissolve in water are described as what (also known as water-fearing)? | hydrophobic
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| What is another word for Alkali? | base
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| What is based on multiples of ten and should remain in a range of 7.35 to 7.45? | pH/pH scale
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| Describe what a buffer is: | chemical state that prevents changes in hydrogen ion concentration to maintain pH
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| Isotopes that fall apart easily are known as what? | radioactive
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| What does the prefix -di mean? | two
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| What does the prefix -poly mean? | many
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| These are lipids that contain rings of carbon atoms | steriods
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| What is the most important sterol known as? It is used to make steroid hormones | cholesterol
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| All ________ contain, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the element known as nitrogen. | proteins
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| A protein that promotes metabolic reactions is known as what? | enzyme
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| Proteins are composed of monomers called what? | amino acids
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| All life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within the body system together make up what? | metabolism
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| In _______, complex substances are broken down into simpler components. (breaking down) | catabolism
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| In _______, complex substances are used to manufacture materials needed for growth. (building up) | anabolism
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| What does the word part Co- mean? | together
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| Water is the universal: a. solution b. solvent c. solute | solvent
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| Aqu/e is the word part for what? | water
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| Heter/o is the word part for what? | different
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| Hom/o is the word part for what? | same
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| Phob/o is the word part for what? | fear
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| What is the basic unit of all life? | cell
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| The study of cells is known as? | cytology
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| Cells contain specialized structures that perform different tasks what are those structures called? | organelles
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| What is the outer layer of a cell? | plasma membrane
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| The largest part of organelles are the ______ and they are surrounded by a membrane that encloses its contents. | nucleus
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| What are known as thread-like structures of hereditary that are passed down from parents to children. | chromosomes
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| This material fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane | cytoplasm
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| The liquid part of the cytoplasm is called what? | cytosol
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| What is the outer layer of the cell; composed mainly of lipids and proteins? | plasma membrane
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| What are the short-like extensions of the plasma membrane known as? | microvilli
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| What is large, membrane-bound, dark-staining organelle near the center of a cell? | nucleus
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| What is the network of membranes within the cytoplasm called? (between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane) | ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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| Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); composed of RNA and proteins are known as what? | ribosomes
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| Define osmosis: | diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
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| A cell is said to undergo (special type of diffusion) _______, when a red blood cell draws in water and burst. | hemolysis
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| If a cell is placed in _______ solution, which is more concentrated than the cellular fluid, it loses water to the surrounding fluids and shrinks. process termed as ________. | hypertonic, crenation
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| What has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in a cell? | isotonic
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| What has a lower concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in a cell? | hypotonic
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| What has a higher concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell? | hypertonic
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| Movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using transporters, is known as what? | active transport
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| Transport of materials into the cell using vesicles, is known as what? | endocytosis
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| Transport of materials out of the cell using vesicles, is known as what? | exocytosis
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| Each chromosome is divided into multiple units, called? | genes
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| What is the word break down for the abbreviation DNA? | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| What is the word break down for the abbreviation RNA? | ribonucleic acid
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| In this process, each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells, what is this process? | mitosis
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| What are the stages of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| List some of the some risk factors of cancer: | heredity, obesity, nutrition, radiation
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| Cyt/o means | cell
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| Micr/o means | small
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| Bi means | two
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| Chrom/o means | color
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| End/o means | within
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| Lys/o means | dissolving
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| -some means | body
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| Ex/o means | outside
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| Hem/o means | blood
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| Hyper- means | above
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| Hypo- means | below
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| Iso- means | same
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| Phago- means | to eat
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| Pin/o means | to drink
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| Semi- means | half
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| Ana- means | back
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| Inter- means | between
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| Meta- means | change
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| Pro- means | before
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| Tel/o means | end
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| Carcin/o- means | cancer
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| -gen means | originates
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| The study of histology is known as? | histology
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| All tissues derive from young, actively dividing cells known as _______? | stem cells
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| What tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands? | Epithelial
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| What tissue supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body? | connective
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| What tissue contracts and produces movement? | muscle
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| What tissue conducts nerve impulses? | nervous
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| Epithelial tissue breaks down into these 3 shapes/characteristics? | squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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| Epithelial tissue produces the many secretions necessary for health, including _______. | mucus
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| A _______ is an organ or cell specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body. | gland
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| These glands produce secretions that are carried out of the body, what is this called? | exocrine
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| These glands secrete not through ducts but directly into surrounding tissue fluid, what is this called? | endocrine
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| This intracellular background material or ______ contains varying amounts of water, protein, fibers, and hard minerals. | matrix
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| List the different types of connective tissue | cartilage, bone, dense, loose, circulating, areolar, adipose
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| Tendons and ligaments fall under which connective tissue? | regular dense connective tissue
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| What are the two types of loose connective tissue? | areolar, adipose
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| Cells that produce cartilage are called what? | chondrocytes
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| This is the toughest translucent material, popularly called gristle, that covers the end of long bones. | hyaline cartilage
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| This is firm and rigid and is found between the vertebrae. | Fibrocartilage
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| This can spring back into shape after its bent. | Elastic cartilage
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| The tissue that composes bones, called _______, is much like that of cartilage in its cellular structure. | osseous
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| The cells that form bones are called? | osteoblasts
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| Muscles tissues are put into these three classifications: | smooth, skeletal, cardiac
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| The basic unit of nervous tissue is the? | neuron
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| Nervous tissue that is supported and protected by specialized cells is known as? | neuroglia
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| This is so named because its outer surface is made of epithelium. | epithelial membrane
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| List the types of epithelial membranes and explain where each would be found: | serous (walls of body cavities), mucous (lines tubes), cutaneous (skin)
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| These are thin layers of areolar tissue that line the joint cavities; these membranes also line small cushioning sacs near joints called | bursae
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| These are several membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord | meninges
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| This refers to fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place | fascia
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| This is the continuous sheet of tissue that underlies the skin. | superficial fascia
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| This covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. | deep fascia
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| This forms the cavity that encloses the heart, the pericardial cavity. | fibrous pericardium
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| This is the membrane covering a bone | periosteum
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| This is the membrane covering cartilage | perichondrium
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| What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? | benign are enclosed, and malignant spread; can be fatal.
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| What kind of tumor is considered cancer? | malignant
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| What is the medical specialty that studies and treats cancer? | oncology
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| True or False? Tumors are found in all kinds of tissue. | True
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| True or False? (in situ) means that they are confirmed to their place of origin and do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites. | True
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| True or False? Any abnormal growth of cells is called a neoplasm. | True
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| What is another word for tumor? | neoplasm
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| True or False? Benign tumors can cause death. | True
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| List 7 signs of cancer: remember the word caution | changes in appearance of a mole, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump, indigestion, new weight gain or loss.
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| Is the removal of living tissue for the purpose of microscopic examination | biopsy
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| What does CT stand for? | computed tomography
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| What does MRI stand for? | magnetic resonance imaging
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| What does PET stand for? | positron-emission tomography
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| The word Leuk/o- means what? | white
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| This is the procedure for establishing the extent of the spread of a tumor | staging
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| List ways that cancer can be treated: | radiation, surgery, chemotherapy
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| Which form of treatment for cancer users antineoplastic agents? | chemotherapy
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| What does hormone therapy do? | process in which an action is taken to suppress hormones
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| Define atrophy | deterioration of muscles
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| Pseud/o means? | false
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| Blast/o means? | immature
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| Chondr/o means? | cartilage
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| Oste/o means? | bone
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| Cardi/o means? | heart
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| My/o means? | muscle
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| Neur/o means? | nerve
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| Arthr/o means? | joint
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| -itis means? | inflammation
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| Peri- means? | around
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| Pleur/o means? | side
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| Aden/o means? | gland
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| Angi/o means? | vessel
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| Ant/i- means? | agaisnt
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| Graph/o- means? | record
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| Mal- means? | bad
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| Neo- means? | new
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| Ultra-means? | beyond
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