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The scientific term for the study if body structure?
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The scientific term for the study of body functions?
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Allison's Study Set
A & P 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific term for the study if body structure? | anatomy |
| The scientific term for the study of body functions? | physiology |
| List the levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism |
| Which system deals with the skin, and is used for the outermost protection? | integumentary (skin) |
| What body system is considered the body's basic framework? | skeletal (bones, femoral) |
| Which body system helps produce movement? | muscular (cardiac muscle) |
| What body system deals with control and coordination? | nervous (brain) |
| What body system controls body function and responses? | endocrine (thyroid gland) |
| What body system makes/pumps blood? | cardiovascular (heart) |
| Which body system assist in circulation by returning fluids from the tissues to the blood? | lymphatic (lymph nodes) |
| What body system takes in air and sends it to the area of the lungs for gas exchange? | respiratory (lungs) |
| What body system is involved with taking in nutrients and converting them into forms that the body can use? | digestive (stomach) |
| Which two body systems generate energy to fuel all body systems? | respiratory and digestive |
| Which body system is used to rid the body of waste and excess water? | urinary (urinary tract) |
| Which body system includes external sex organs | reproductive (ovary) |
| What is the term related to a state of internal balance of consistency in the body? | homeostasis |
| What is the term with fluid inside the cells? | intracellular |
| What is the main way of maintaining negative feedback? | homeostasis |
| What is the term of fluid outside of a cell? | extracellular |
| For consistency, all descriptions assume that the body is in what position? | anatomical |
| What term means above or higher when referring to directional terms? | superior (towards feet, interior) |
| What term is located toward the belly surface or front of the body when referring to directional terms? | anterior (ventral) |
| What term would be referring to your back side, towards your butt when referring to directional terms? | posterior (dorsal) |
| What term means near to the imaginary plane that passes through the mid-line of the body when referring to directional terms? | medial |
| What term means farther away from the mid-line of the body, toward the sides when referring to directional terms? | lateral |
| What term means nearer to the origin or attachment point of a structure when referring to directional terms? | proximal |
| What term refers to being farther away from the point of attachment, referring to directional terms? | distal |
| What are the two main body cavities? | ventral and dorsal |
| The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are in what main body cavity? | dorsal |
| What separates the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity? | diaphragm |
| What word part means apart, or away from? | dis- |
| What word part means the study of? | logy- |
| What word part means disease? | patho- |
| What word part means nature or physical? | physio- |
| What does the word part tomy mean? | cut |
| What does the word part extra mean? | outside of, beyond |
| What does the word part homeo mean? | same |
| What does the word part intra mean? | within |
| What does the word part stasis mean? | constancy |
| The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter is known as what? | chemistry |
| What unique substance makes up all matter? | elements |
| What 4 main elements make up 96% of body weight? | hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon |
| What is the smallest unit of an element known as? | atom |
| What element is associated with the symbol O? | oxygen |
| What element is associated with the symbol C? | carbon |
| What element is associated with the symbol H? | hydrogen |
| What element is associated with the symbol N? | nitrogen |
| What is the symbol for calcium? | Ca |
| What is the symbol for phosphorus? | P |
| What is the symbol for potassium? | K |
| What is the symbol for sulfur? | S |
| What is the element associated with the symbol S? | sulfur |
| What is the element associated with the symbol Na? | sodium |
| What is the symbol for iron? | Fe |
| What is the symbol for magnesium? | Mg |
| What is the element associated with the symbol Cl? | chlorine |
| When an atom interacts with other atoms to stabilize its outermost energy level a bond is formed between atoms and is known as what? | chemical bonds |
| When electrons are transferred from one atom to another what type of bond is formed? | ionic bonds |
| What is a positively charged ion called? | cation |
| What is a negatively charged ion called? | anion |
| Compounds that release ions when they dissolve into water are called what? | electrolytes |
| What is the abbreviation for an electroencephalogram and what does it look at? | EEG. brain |
| What is the abbreviation for electrocardiogram and what does it look at? | EKG, heart |
| What bond involves NOT the exchange of electrons but a sharing of electrons between atoms? | covalent bonds |
| What does two or more atoms that unite covalently form? | molecule |
| What is the abbreviation for water? | H2o |
| What is the abbreviation for bicarbonate ions? | HCo3- |
| What do you get when you blend two or more substances? | mixture |
| A mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another is called what? | solution |
| The dissolving substance, which is water in the body, is called what? | solvent |
| The substance dissolved, table salt in the case of water, is called what? | solute |
| What solution is one in which water is the solvent? | aqueous |
| Some organic compounds form what, in which the molecules do not dissolve yet remain evenly distributed in the suspending material? | colloids |
| Substances, such as salt, that mix with or dissolve in water are called what (also known as water-loving)? | hydrophilic |
| What chemical substance is capable of releasing a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water? | acid |
| Which chemical substance can accept (react with) a hydrogen ion? | base |
| Substances such as fats, that do not dissolve in water are described as what (also known as water-fearing)? | hydrophobic |
| What is another word for Alkali? | base |
| What is based on multiples of ten and should remain in a range of 7.35 to 7.45? | pH/pH scale |
| Describe what a buffer is: | chemical state that prevents changes in hydrogen ion concentration to maintain pH |
| Isotopes that fall apart easily are known as what? | radioactive |
| What does the prefix -di mean? | two |
| What does the prefix -poly mean? | many |
| These are lipids that contain rings of carbon atoms | steriods |
| What is the most important sterol known as? It is used to make steroid hormones | cholesterol |
| All ________ contain, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the element known as nitrogen. | proteins |
| A protein that promotes metabolic reactions is known as what? | enzyme |
| Proteins are composed of monomers called what? | amino acids |
| All life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within the body system together make up what? | metabolism |
| In _______, complex substances are broken down into simpler components. (breaking down) | catabolism |
| In _______, complex substances are used to manufacture materials needed for growth. (building up) | anabolism |
| What does the word part Co- mean? | together |
| Water is the universal: a. solution b. solvent c. solute | solvent |
| Aqu/e is the word part for what? | water |
| Heter/o is the word part for what? | different |
| Hom/o is the word part for what? | same |
| Phob/o is the word part for what? | fear |
| What is the basic unit of all life? | cell |
| The study of cells is known as? | cytology |
| Cells contain specialized structures that perform different tasks what are those structures called? | organelles |
| What is the outer layer of a cell? | plasma membrane |
| The largest part of organelles are the ______ and they are surrounded by a membrane that encloses its contents. | nucleus |
| What are known as thread-like structures of hereditary that are passed down from parents to children. | chromosomes |
| This material fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane | cytoplasm |
| The liquid part of the cytoplasm is called what? | cytosol |
| What is the outer layer of the cell; composed mainly of lipids and proteins? | plasma membrane |
| What are the short-like extensions of the plasma membrane known as? | microvilli |
| What is large, membrane-bound, dark-staining organelle near the center of a cell? | nucleus |
| What is the network of membranes within the cytoplasm called? (between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane) | ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
| Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); composed of RNA and proteins are known as what? | ribosomes |
| Define osmosis: | diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| A cell is said to undergo (special type of diffusion) _______, when a red blood cell draws in water and burst. | hemolysis |
| If a cell is placed in _______ solution, which is more concentrated than the cellular fluid, it loses water to the surrounding fluids and shrinks. process termed as ________. | hypertonic, crenation |
| What has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in a cell? | isotonic |
| What has a lower concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in a cell? | hypotonic |
| What has a higher concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell? | hypertonic |
| Movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using transporters, is known as what? | active transport |
| Transport of materials into the cell using vesicles, is known as what? | endocytosis |
| Transport of materials out of the cell using vesicles, is known as what? | exocytosis |
| Each chromosome is divided into multiple units, called? | genes |
| What is the word break down for the abbreviation DNA? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is the word break down for the abbreviation RNA? | ribonucleic acid |
| In this process, each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells, what is this process? | mitosis |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| List some of the some risk factors of cancer: | heredity, obesity, nutrition, radiation |
| Cyt/o means | cell |
| Micr/o means | small |
| Bi means | two |
| Chrom/o means | color |
| End/o means | within |
| Lys/o means | dissolving |
| -some means | body |
| Ex/o means | outside |
| Hem/o means | blood |
| Hyper- means | above |
| Hypo- means | below |
| Iso- means | same |
| Phago- means | to eat |
| Pin/o means | to drink |
| Semi- means | half |
| Ana- means | back |
| Inter- means | between |
| Meta- means | change |
| Pro- means | before |
| Tel/o means | end |
| Carcin/o- means | cancer |
| -gen means | originates |
| The study of histology is known as? | histology |
| All tissues derive from young, actively dividing cells known as _______? | stem cells |
| What tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands? | Epithelial |
| What tissue supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body? | connective |
| What tissue contracts and produces movement? | muscle |
| What tissue conducts nerve impulses? | nervous |
| Epithelial tissue breaks down into these 3 shapes/characteristics? | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| Epithelial tissue produces the many secretions necessary for health, including _______. | mucus |
| A _______ is an organ or cell specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body. | gland |
| These glands produce secretions that are carried out of the body, what is this called? | exocrine |
| These glands secrete not through ducts but directly into surrounding tissue fluid, what is this called? | endocrine |
| This intracellular background material or ______ contains varying amounts of water, protein, fibers, and hard minerals. | matrix |
| List the different types of connective tissue | cartilage, bone, dense, loose, circulating, areolar, adipose |
| Tendons and ligaments fall under which connective tissue? | regular dense connective tissue |
| What are the two types of loose connective tissue? | areolar, adipose |
| Cells that produce cartilage are called what? | chondrocytes |
| This is the toughest translucent material, popularly called gristle, that covers the end of long bones. | hyaline cartilage |
| This is firm and rigid and is found between the vertebrae. | Fibrocartilage |
| This can spring back into shape after its bent. | Elastic cartilage |
| The tissue that composes bones, called _______, is much like that of cartilage in its cellular structure. | osseous |
| The cells that form bones are called? | osteoblasts |
| Muscles tissues are put into these three classifications: | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| The basic unit of nervous tissue is the? | neuron |
| Nervous tissue that is supported and protected by specialized cells is known as? | neuroglia |
| This is so named because its outer surface is made of epithelium. | epithelial membrane |
| List the types of epithelial membranes and explain where each would be found: | serous (walls of body cavities), mucous (lines tubes), cutaneous (skin) |
| These are thin layers of areolar tissue that line the joint cavities; these membranes also line small cushioning sacs near joints called | bursae |
| These are several membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| This refers to fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place | fascia |
| This is the continuous sheet of tissue that underlies the skin. | superficial fascia |
| This covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. | deep fascia |
| This forms the cavity that encloses the heart, the pericardial cavity. | fibrous pericardium |
| This is the membrane covering a bone | periosteum |
| This is the membrane covering cartilage | perichondrium |
| What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? | benign are enclosed, and malignant spread; can be fatal. |
| What kind of tumor is considered cancer? | malignant |
| What is the medical specialty that studies and treats cancer? | oncology |
| True or False? Tumors are found in all kinds of tissue. | True |
| True or False? (in situ) means that they are confirmed to their place of origin and do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites. | True |
| True or False? Any abnormal growth of cells is called a neoplasm. | True |
| What is another word for tumor? | neoplasm |
| True or False? Benign tumors can cause death. | True |
| List 7 signs of cancer: remember the word caution | changes in appearance of a mole, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump, indigestion, new weight gain or loss. |
| Is the removal of living tissue for the purpose of microscopic examination | biopsy |
| What does CT stand for? | computed tomography |
| What does MRI stand for? | magnetic resonance imaging |
| What does PET stand for? | positron-emission tomography |
| The word Leuk/o- means what? | white |
| This is the procedure for establishing the extent of the spread of a tumor | staging |
| List ways that cancer can be treated: | radiation, surgery, chemotherapy |
| Which form of treatment for cancer users antineoplastic agents? | chemotherapy |
| What does hormone therapy do? | process in which an action is taken to suppress hormones |
| Define atrophy | deterioration of muscles |
| Pseud/o means? | false |
| Blast/o means? | immature |
| Chondr/o means? | cartilage |
| Oste/o means? | bone |
| Cardi/o means? | heart |
| My/o means? | muscle |
| Neur/o means? | nerve |
| Arthr/o means? | joint |
| -itis means? | inflammation |
| Peri- means? | around |
| Pleur/o means? | side |
| Aden/o means? | gland |
| Angi/o means? | vessel |
| Ant/i- means? | agaisnt |
| Graph/o- means? | record |
| Mal- means? | bad |
| Neo- means? | new |
| Ultra-means? | beyond |
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