1: Introduction to Medicine 1: Bioclinical and Social Sciences
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| Instrument used to take BP | Sphygmomanometer
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| Apply cuff at brachial artery which is 2-3 cm above pulse above the pulse point at the ____ | antecubital fossa
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| 5 Korotkoff phases are | tapping starts, auscultatory gap (soft, swishing), tapping clearer, muffled, disappears
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| 6 Limb Pulses “_____ artery” | brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
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| 3 head and neck pulses “_____ artery” | common carotid, temporal, facial
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| Normal pulse range adult | 60-90 bpm
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| Name for unusual pulse rhythm ; noise of turbulent flow across artery/vein ; flow turbulent across heart | sinus arrhythmia ; bruit ; murmur
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| Normal resp rate. What is stridor? | 12-20 bpm. Like wheeze but on inhale
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| Normal temp | 36-37.5
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| Measuring core/peripheral temp. Peripheral specifically in ear called ____ | tympanic
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| CVPU is | consciousness scale: confused, voice, pain, unconscious
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| Opportunity cost def | the value of forgone benefit which could be obtained from a resource in it’s next best alternative use
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| Marginal analysis def | examination of additional benefits of activity compared to additional costs incurred by that same activity.
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| 5 types of economic evaluation “ cost ______” analysis | “BECUM” -benefit, effectiveness, consequences (not formal method), utility, minimalisation.
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| Example of cost utility analysis healthcare | QALY= quality-adjusted life year
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| 3 of the types of drug interactions | synergy, negates/competes, no effect
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| Who regulates pharmacology? | MHRA= Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
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| What do POM, P, GSL stand for? | Prescription only medication, pharmacy medication (over counter), general sales list medication (general shops).
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| Agonist/ antagonist defs | AG= activates receptors and elicit response. AN= prevent effect of agonist
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| Pharmacodynamics vs pharmacokinetics def | how DRUG AFFECTS the body vs how BODY AFFECTS drug
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| How well drug bings to receptor is it’s _______ to it | affinity
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| 4 stages of pharmacokinetics. ; Which two types of drug are absorbed differently? | absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. ; lipophilic and hydrophilic.
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| Prodrugs = | metabolites, medication or compound that after administration is metabolised into pharmacologically active drugs.
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| 6 routes of drug administration: | “STRIPO” sublingual, topical, rectal, inhaled, parenteral, oral
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| 5 Types of PARENTERAL administration | “ITISI”, intravenous, transdermal, intermuscular, subcutaneous, implantation
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| 4 types of joints: | Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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| Synovial joints (all major joints in limb) have ___, ____ surfaces covered by _____ ______. | smooth articular surfaces ; hyaline cartilage
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| Joint capsule surrounds the synovial joint. It contains ___ ____ . Inside the joint capsule, ____ ____ secretes ____ ____ to nourish and protect and nourish the joint. | supportive ligaments ; synovial membrane ; synovial fluid
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| Muscle def | tissue that’s able to generate movement by contracting/ relaxing.
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| Biomechanical principles of skeletal muscle (to have action the muscle must ... ) | 1. Have 2 ATTACHMENTS ;
2. must attach at EITHER SIDE of the joint. ;
3. Muscle will have ACTION at EVERY JOINT IT CROSSES. ;
4. HOW muscle crosses J determines action it will have.
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| Flexion vs extension defs | flexion= bending or pulling. extension= all back
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| Abduction vs adduction def | ab= limb moved away from body. Ad= limb moved toward body
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| Medial vs lateral rotation def | med= limb twisted inward eg foot. Lat = limb twisted outwards from body
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| Pronation vs supination. In hands, where does this action occur? | pro, hands face down. Sup, hands out like holding soup. ; at the elbow
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| Inversion vs eversion | in= sole turned inward. ev= sole turned outward (dog poo)
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| Two groups of fibres name and function | EFFERENT fibres = exist in the spinal cord to innervate. AFFERENT fibres = arrive back with sensory information in the skin.
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| Veins in two groups | deep or superficial
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| Neurovascular bundle | formed of Nerve, Artery, Vein supplying same structure, travelling together. "NAV"
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| Litigation | the act, process, or practice of settling a dispute in a court of law : the act or process of litigating
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| Inquests | a judicial or official inquiry or examination especially before a jury. A body of people (such as a jury) assembled to hold such an inquiry
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| Types of law (last one requires ____) | criminal law , civil law , public law (judicial review)
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| Civil cases settled two ways:. | Contract law; Tort law.
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| Ethical problems include: ____ of duty. And _____ N_______ | breach ; clinical negligence.
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| Sources of law: | State ; common law/ case law ; regulations and professional guidance.
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| Patients have right to access healthcare records under the _______ | data protection act 1998
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| Miasma theory of disease > John snow | Proposed disease transmitted in cloud of close > father of modern epidemiology, found cholera transm by polluted water
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| “Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence” written in the … | Human rights act 1998
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| What regulates the processing of personal data about living individuals? | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Data protection act 2018
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| Someone who shares someone’s medical information bc they lack capacity | Health and Welfare power of attorney
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| Framing significance | analysis of concepts and definitions. How we look at given situation
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| 3 ethical moral theories | virtue ethics ; duty ethics (deontology) ; consequentialism
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| Most developed form of consequentialism is | utilitarianism (greatest happiness for greatest number.)
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| Do Message framing by using ______theory | gain/ loss theory
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| Motivational interviewing will help someone recognise their | self-efficacy
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