Human Development Chapter 3
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| What is an ultrasound? | High-frequency sound waves directed at mother's abdomen produce picture of fetus in uterus
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| What is sonoembryology? | High-frequency transvaginal probes and digital image processing to produce a picture of embryo in uterus
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| What is embryoscopy? | Tiny viewing scope inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo
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| What is amniocentesis? | Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed, most commonly used procedure to obtain fetal cells for testing
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| What is chorionic villus sampling? | Tissues from hair-like chorionic villi (predictions of membrane surrounding fetus) are removed from placenta and analyzed
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| what is preimplantation genetic diagnosis? | After in vitro fertilization, a sample cell is removed from the blastocyst and analyzed
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| what is on the local court sampling? | needle guided by ultrasound is inserted into blood vessels of umbilical cord
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| what is maternal blood test? | Sample of prospective mothers blood is tested for alpha fetoprotein
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| what are uses and advantages of ultrasound? | Monitor fetal growth, movement, position, form; assess amniotic fluid volume; Judge gestational age; detect multiple pregnancies; help diagnose sex-linked disorders
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| what are uses and advantages of sonoembryology? | Detect unusual defects during embryonic stage
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| what are notes of the ultrasound? | Done routinely in many places, can be used for sex screening
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| what are uses and advantages of embryoscopy? | Assist in diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders, guide field blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants
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| what are risks of the embryoscopy? | Riskier than other prenatal diagnostic procedures
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| what are uses and advantages of amniocentesis? | Can detect chromosomal disorder, genetic or multifactorial defects, accurate, recommended if family has known threatening disorders, can help diagnose sex linked disorders
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| what are risks or notes of amniocentesis? | Not performed before 15 weeks gestation, results take one to two weeks, risk fetal loss or injury, not used for sex screening
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| what are uses and advantages of chorionic villus sampling? | Early diagnosis of birth defects and disorders, performed between 10 and 12 weeks gestation, highly accurate results within one week
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| what are risks of chorionic villus sampling? | Should not be performed before 10 weeks gestation, higher risk of fetal loss
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| what are uses and advantages of preimplantation genetic diagnosis? | Avoid transmission of genetic defects or predispositions, defective blastocysts is not implanted in uterus
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| what are risks of preimplantation genetic diagnosis? | No known risks
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| what are uses and advantages of umbilical cord sampling? | Allows direct access to fetal DNA for diagnostic and therapeutic measures
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| what are uses and advantages umbilical cord sampling? | Fetal loss or miscarriage, increases risk of bleeding from umbilical cord and fetal distress
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| what are uses and advantages of maternal blood test? | may indicate defects in formation of brain or spinal cord, predict abnormalities or down syndrome, permits monitoring of pregnancies for low birth weight or stillbirth
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| what are risks of maternal blood test? | No known risk, false positives possible, ultrasound or amniocentesis needed to confirm suspected conditions
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