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Sim 2 Review

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Question
Answer
What are the 'x' and 'y' axis on a ROC curve?   y-axis --> sensitivity x-axis --> (1-specificity)  
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What is [1-specificity]?   False positive rate  
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What does the area under a ROC curve represent?   Accuracy of the test  
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What is the most common cause of Mitral Stenosis?   Rheumatic fever  
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What murmur(s) are associated with Infective endocarditis?   Mitral and/or tricuspid regurgitation  
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What murmur is associated with DCM?   Secondary MR due to widening of the mitral anulus  
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What causes or lead to secondary MR in DCM?   Widening of the mitral annulus  
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What is the result of mitral annulus widening in DMC?   Secondary MR  
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What are auscultatory findings of TB?   Pericardial rub and distant heart sounds  
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What produces the S2?   Closure of A2 and P2  
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When does A2 occur?   It occurs when LV pressure has fallen just below aortic pressure at the onset of isovolumetric LV relaxation  
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Is A2 associated with isovolumetric relaxation or isovolumetric contraction?   Isovolumetric LV relaxation  
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What causes a normal delay in P2?   Inspiration  
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Which component of the S2 heart sound is associated with an increased by inspiration?   P2  
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Is P2 or A2 increased by inspiration?   P2  
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What is the resulton S2 by increased P2?   Physiologic splitting of S2  
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What causes the physiologic split of S2?   P2 delayed closure by inspiration  
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Common condition in which widening splitting persist during expiration?   Conditions prolong RV ejection time such as Right BBB, pulmonic stenosis, and pulmonary hypertension  
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How is K+ concentration affected by tissue ischemia?   Increase extracellular K+ concentration via reduced functionality of Na/K-ATPase pump in the membrane, leading to K+ leakage from affected cells  
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Which protein is affected in tissue ischemia, leading to K+ leakage out the affected cell?   Na+-K+-ATPase pump  
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What is the hallmark of ischemic injury?   Cytoplasmic Ca2+ accumulation  
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What cues Pemphigus vulgaris?   Autoantibodies directed against Desmoglein 1 and 3  
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Which condition is due to autobodies attacking Desmoglein 1 and 3?   Pemphigus vulgaris  
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What are Desmoglein 1 and Desmoglein 3?   Adhesion molecules that bind epidermal keratinocytes to each other  
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What is the main role of Desmoglein proteins?   Bind epidermal keratinocytes to each other  
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What are findings of IF of Pemphigus vulgaris?   Epidermal IgG and C3 deposits in a net-;ike or chicken-wire appearance  
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Pemphigus vulgaris is associated with an Linear epidermal findings or net-like IF findings?   Net-like findings of epidermal IgG and C3 deposits  
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Which are groups are more prone to develop or present McArdle disease?   Adolescents or early adults  
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How is McArdle disease clinically presented?   Muscle pain, weakness, and decreased exercise tolerance in adolescents  
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Which enzyme is deficiency McArdle disease?   Muscle glycogen phosphorylase  
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What is the role of Muscle glycogen phosphorylase?   Degrades glycogen at 1,4-alpha-glycosidic bonds into glucose-1-phosphate subunits  
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How Graves ophthalmology characterized?   T-cell activation and the simulations of orbital fibroblasts by thyrotropin receptor antibodies  
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Which cells are involved in Graves ophthalmology?   Orbital fibroblasts  
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Which glycosaminoglycan is secreted in excess by fibroblasts in Graves ophthalmology?   Hyaluronic acid  
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What causes a Meckel diverticulum?   Incomplete obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct  
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What is commonly found to contain a Meckel diverticulum?   Heterotopic gastric tissue hta can ulcerate the small intestinal mucosa, leading to brisk but painless GI bleeding  
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What causes the brisk and painless GI bleeding in a patient with a Meckel diverticulum?   Heterotopic gastric tissue that ucmerate the small intestinal mucosa  
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What is a Pancreatic pseudocyst?   Well-circumscribed fluid collection that typically develop following acute pancreatitis due to walling off necrotic pancreatic tissue/peripancreatic fat.  
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What are consequences of an infected Pancreatic pseudocyst?   Abdominal pain, small bowel/biliary obstruction, or fistula formation into neighboring structure.  
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What is the role of prokaryotic DNA pol I?   Removal of RNA primer and the synthesis of new DNA in their place.  
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What is the use for PCR?   Amplify target DNA segments via repeated replication  
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What is the initial step in PCR?   It requires 2 primers that are complementary to the flanking regions target DNA sequence  
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What is the second step in PCR?   DNA polymerase synthesises strands in a 5' to 3' direction, so that nucleotides are added only to the 3' hydroxyl end of the elongating end  
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In PCR, to which end of the enolgingating strand, do nucleotides attach only?   3' end  
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In which direction are DNA strands synthesized by DNA pol in PCR?   5' to 3' direction  
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What specific characteristic of Warfarin makes a teratogen?   Low molecular weight, allowing it to cross the placenta  
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What are the teratogenic effects associated with Warfarin?   Fetal nasal limb hypoplasia, and fetal bleeding  
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Why is Heparin preferred over Warfarin in pregnant women?   Heparin has a high molecular weight and cannot cross the placenta, contrary to warfarin  
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Warfarin or Heparin. Low molecular weight?   Warfarin  
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Warfarin or Heparin. Used in pregnancy?   Heparin  
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Warfarin or Heparin. High molecular weight?   Heparin  
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What are fundoscopic findings of CMV-retinitis?   Bilateral hemorrhages and cotton-wool exudates on ophthalmoscopic examination in the setting of progressive vision loss.  
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What are the common treatment options of CMV-retinitis?   Valganciclovir, ganciclovir, and Foscrcint  
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What is interrupted by Ganciclovir?   Interfere with DNA replication  
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What is the common name for Apical Bronchogenic carcinoma?   Pancoast tumor  
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What is the most significant clinical feature of Pancoast tumor?   Horner syndrome  
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What ganglion is suppressed by Pancoast tumor leading to Horner syndrome?   Compression of the superior cervical ganglion  
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What pulmonary malignancy often compresses the superior cervical ganglion?   Pancoast tumor  
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What syndrome is often caused by compressive the Superior cervical ganglion?   Horner syndrome  
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How is Horner syndrome clinically characterized?   Interrupted sympathetic nerve supply to the head, eye, and neck  
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How Is Alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration characterized?   Cerebellar vermis atrophy which presents with gait ataxia, truncal instability, an a rhythmic,postural tremor of fingers and hands  
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What condition is often seen in homeless with alcohol abuse?   Alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration?  
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What part of the brain is atrophied in Alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration?   Cerebellar vermis  
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What causes Parkinsonism?   Depletion of dopaminergic neuron in the substantia nigra  
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Where the Substantia nigra located in the brain?   In the midbrain just deep into the corticobulbar tract in the cerebral peduncle  
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What is found in the midbrain just deep into the corticobulbar tract on the cerebra peduncle?   Substantia nigra  
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What is a common result of Pineal tumors such as a Pinealoma?   Parinaud syndrome  
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What malignancy is often associated with development of Parinaud syndrome?   Pinealoma  
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What is the cause of Parinaud syndrome due to a Pinealoma?   Mass effect on the dorsal midbrain in the superior colliculus region  
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What are the common findings of Parinaud syndrome?   Upward gaze palsy, absent pupillary light reflex, and impaired convergence.  
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What type of mutation leads to Lynch syndrome?   AD mutation of mismatch repair genes leading to microsatellite instability  
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To which cancers are patients with Lynch syndrome predisposed to?   Colon, endometrial, and ovarian cancers  
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How is an Ovarian cancer often presented?   Ovarian mass, ascites and an elevated CA125.  
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What type of action is often encouraged by motivational interviewing in the medical field?   Smoking cessation  
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When are motivation interviewing techniques often used?   Psychotherapy in patients who are ready to make a change  
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What cells are involved in development of NRDS?   Type 2 Pneumocytes  
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How does Type 2 pneumocytes promote NRDS development?   Pneumocytes II produced insufficient quantities of surfactant  
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What are examples of condition sth may lead to insufficient surfactant production by type II pneumocytes leading to NRDS?   Prematurity and maternal DM  
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Other than surfactant prosecution , what is an added role or function of Pneumocytes II ?   Responsible for regeneration of alveolar epithelium after lung injury  
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Which cells are responsible for alveolar epithelium regeneration after lung injury?   Type 2 Pneumocytes  
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What measure or lab evaluates surfactant functionality?   Foam stability index  
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How is the Foam stability index test of surfant performed?   Multiple wells containing mixture ethanol and amniotic fluid are shanken and then exint to find highest value well that contain a ring of stable foam.  
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What are two common Calcineurin inhibitors?   Tacrolimus, and Cyclosporine  
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What type of immunosuppressive agents are often used to prevent rejection of transplanted solid organs (liver)?   Calcineurin inhibitors  
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WHat the main adverse effect associated with Calcineurin inhibitors?   Nephrotoxicity  
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How the Calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxic presented?   Resulting in hypertension an da rise in serum BUN and Cr levels  
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What is a possible adverse effect of long-term use of Calcineurin inhibitors?   Oblictervive vasculopathy  
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Which enzyme is deficient in Alkaptonuria?   Homogentisic Acid Dioxygenase  
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What is Alkaptonuria?   AR disease due to deficiency in Homogentisic Acid dioxygenase  
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What are the most significant clinical features of Alkaptonuria?   1. Darikin of urine after exposure to air 2. Blue-black darkening of cartilage and skin, and 3. Debilitating osteoarthropathy  
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In a normal kidney, what is the most probable protein accumulated close the renal glomerulus?   Renin  
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What is sensitized by the Juxtaglomerular cell in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?   Renin  
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Which cells store and secrete Renin?   Juxtaglomerular cells  
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Which hypothalamic pathway may be suppressed by chronic energy deficiency restricted caloric intake?   GnRH secretion  
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What is the result of a decreased GnRH secretion?   Decreased secretion of FSH and LH, leading t a decreased production of Estrogen.  
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What are some long-term consequences of early low estrogen levels?   Decreased peak bone mass, accelerated bone les, and early-onset osteoporosis.  
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What is a bone-related risk in ayoung woman that lives on a caloric deficit and exercises so intensely that is always tired?   Early-onset osteoporosis due to low estrogen levesl  
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What causes the low estrogen level in patients with anorexia and early-onset osteoporosis?   Suppression of the GnRH hypothalamic secretion leading to low FSH and LH secretion  
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What are the most common cell surface receptors of G protein-coupled receptors?   7 alpha-helical transmembrane domains  
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What type of amino acids make up the transmembrane domain of any protein?   Hydrophobic amino acids  
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What are common condition associated with chromosomal aneuploidy?   Turner syndrome and Trisonomies  
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What genetic process is associated with development of Cystic hygromas?   Chromosomal aneuploidy  
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What is an important clinical feature of Cystic hygromas?   Transilluminate  
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Where is the most common location to find a Cystic hygromas?   Head and neck, typically on the left side  
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Which side, right or left, is more common to develop Cystic hygromas?   Left  
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What dermal condition is due to hyperkeratosis and epidermal hyperplasia?   Psoriasis  
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What is a common factor that predisposes patients to develop Psoriasis?   Disruption of the normal skin barrier leads to activation of dendritic cells, which induces recruited and differentiation of T helper cells.  
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What is normal process shown by normal and healthy cells as they are grown in a Petri dish?   Contact inhibition  
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What is contact inhibition?   Process in normal cell in which growth stops as the cells make contact with each other  
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Which controlled growth process of normal cells is not present in malignant cells?   Contact inhibition  
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What would be the result of malignant cells cultured and grown in a Petri dish?   Cell will cover the surface of the Petri dish, and then not stop growing creating mounds of cells.  
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How is diarrhea caused by Entamoeba histolytica characterized?   Bloody diarrhea  
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What is the route of transmission of E. histolytica?   Fecal-oral route  
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Description of E. histolytica trophozoites?   Multinucleate and typically possess phagocytosed erythrocytes within their cytoplasm  
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What is an important histological finding of E. histolytica trophozoites?   Phagocytosed RBCs within their cytoplasm  
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How does women compensate for additional X chromosome?   One X chromosome is inactivated in each somatic cell  
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Does female or male, has one X chorose inactivated in each somatic cell?   Female  
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While inactivated X chromosome selection is random, women tend to produce:   Skewed inactivation  
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What does an skewed inactivation of X chromosome selection in women mean?   Women are more susceptible to displaying manifestation of X-linked disease  
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What is the reason women are more prone to display X-linked diseases?   Skewed inactivation selection of X chromosome  
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What is a fatal splenic complication of Sickle cell disease?   Splenic sequestration crisis  
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What does Splenic sequestration crisis means?   Trapping of sickled RBCs within the spleen  
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What are common results in a patient with Splenic sequestration crisis?   Acute anemia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly  
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What is an important feature of an attenuated live virus vaccine?   It can revert of a virulent form and cause vaccine-associated illness  
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Which type of vaccine cannot revert into a vrilen form, live attenuated or inactivated (killed) vaccine?   Inactivated (killed) vaccine  
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A patient unsure of which type of polio vaccine received, but now he presents with Paralytic poliomyelitis few weeks after vaccine was given?   Oral polio vaccine, because it is live attenuated and can revert into viral form.  
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What is the mode of action of Aminoglycosides?   Inhibit bacterial synthesis by binding the 16S ribosomal RNA with the 30s ribosomal subunit  
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What is used concurrently with aminoglycosides in order to be more effective?   B-lactams  
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Why do beta lactams improve effectiveness of aminoglycosides and other antibiotics?   They dirump cell cell synthesis, leading to better aminoglycoside penetration into bacterial cell.  
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What is a self-limited syndrome characterized by fever and parotitis, and lack of booster or vaccination Hx?   Mumps  
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What is male-only symptom of Mumps?   Orchitis  
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What is the result of orchitis in men with Mumps?   Leydig cell atrophy and decreased testosterone production  
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Is a male patient with the Mumps expected to have elevated or decreased levels of Testosterone?   Decreased testosterone  
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The Adenoviridae are a family of:   Double-stranded-DNA viruses  
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What type of polymerase are used by Adenoviridae ?   DNA-dependent DNA polymerase  
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Why is DNA-dependent DNA polymerase needed in Adenoviridae?   To replicate their genomes in the host cell nucleus  
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What is the main cause of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?   Bilateral damage to the temporal lobes, especially the amygdala  
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What possible causes of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?   1. HSV encephalitis, and 2. Traumatic brain injury  
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What are the most common symptoms associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome?   Oral fixation, hyperphagia, hypersexuality, visual agnosia, placidity, and amnesia.  
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What is the pathognomonic feature of Rabies infection?   Eosinophilic neuron cytoplasmic inclusion bodies  
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What is the common name for the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with Rabies?   Negri bodies  
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What are the most classic signs of Rabies infection?   Painful pharyngeal muscle spams and hydrophobia  
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What is the most common vector of Rabies in the USA?   Bats  
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What is the most common vector of Rabies worldwide?   Unvaccinated dogs  
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From where does the Cavernous sinus receive blood flow from?   From the face via the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins  
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Which veins of the face drain into the Cavernous sinus?   Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic veins  
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What is a common cause of Cavernous sinus thrombosis?   Spread of infection from the orbit, nose, and paranasal sinuses along the superior and inferior valveless venous systems  
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Which nerve is often affected by Cavernous sinus thrombosis?   Cranial nerve VI  
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What is the physical sign of an affected CN VI ?   Lateral gaze palsy  
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What nerve is suspected to be damaged in Lateral Gaze palsy?   CN VI  
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What condition is often and strongly associated with lateral gaze palsy   Cavernous sinus thrombosis  
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What is Tardive dyskinesia?   Medication-induced movement disorder characterized by abnormal, involuntary movements of the mouth, tongue, trunk and extremiites  
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What is the MCC of Tardive dyskinesia?   Prolonged exposure to dopamine-blocking agents  
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What is a normal action of healthy kidneys?   Maintain a relative contact GFR across a wide range for perfusion pressures.  
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What are some consequences of a fall in renal perfusion pressure?   1. Efferent arteriolar constriction, 2. Increase in Filtration fraction (FF)  
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How does Efferent arteriolar constriction in the glomeruli help improve GFR?   At expense of a decreased RPF  
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How Membranous nephropathy characterized?   Immune-complex deposition in the subepithelial portion of glomerular capillary wall, resulingin nephrotic syndrome  
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Although mostly of idiopathic origin, Membranous nephropathy is associated with:   Solid tumors  
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What is seen in LM of Membranous nephropathy?   Diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membrane  
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What are the common findings of Membranous nephropathy under EM?   Subepithelial immune-complex deposits forming "spikes" visible with silver stain and EM  
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Immune-complex deposits forming "spikes" is associated with which nephrotic syndrome?   Membranous nephropathy  
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What are common poisons that elicit Contact dermatitis?   Poison ivy and Poison oak  
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What is the first line of treatment for back pain?   NSAID or acetaminophen  
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What common practice is not advised for back pain?   Bed rest  
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What is the reason to use mTOR inhibitors in stents?   Preveven neointimal hyperplasia an luminal restenosis following intracoronary stent placement  
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How do mTOR inhibitors prevent neointimal hyperplasia following an intracoronary stent placement?   Reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation  
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What is the common Neprilysin inhibitor-ARB combination used in treatment of HF?   Scubitril-Vasaltran  
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What is the effect of Neprilysin inhibition?   Increased Natriuretic peptide levels to promote vasodilation and diuretics  
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What is unwanted or adverse effect of using an Neprilysin inhibitor?   Unwanted increase in AT II levels  
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Why are increased ATII levels an unwanted adverse effect of Neprilysin inhibitors in HF patients?   Promote vasoconstriction and fluid retention  
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What is the effect of Natriuretic peptides associated with Aldosterone?   Aldosterone-mediated sodium retention is minimized due to inhibitor of aldosterone secretion by natriuretic peptides  
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How is 17-alpha- hydroxylase deficiency characterized?   Mineralocorticoid excess with deficiency in cortisol an sex steroids  
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Which CAH is known to have increased levels of mineralocorticoids and low cortisol and low sex steroids?   17 a-hydroxylase deficiency  
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What are typical findings of 17 a-hydroxylase deficiency?   Hypertension, hypokalemia with primarily amenorrhea (women) and lack o secondary sexual characters in girls and ambiguous genitalia in boys  
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Is there hypokalemia or hyperkalemia with 17 a-hydroxylase deficiency?   Hypokalemia  
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What is the effect of insulin on glucose in adipocytes and skeletal muscle?   Increases cellular uptake of glucose by increasing the translocation of GLUT-4, from intracellular vesicles of the cell membrane  
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What is GLUT4?   Passive glucose transporter  
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Which GLUT expression is increased by insulin in adipose tissue?   GLUT-4  
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What is the reason of the lack of secondary sexual characteristics in females with 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?   Insufficient production of sex hormones and cortisol, and overproduction of mineralocorticoids  
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How are the levels of LH, ACTH and renin in 17-a-(OH) deficiency?   LH and ACTH are increased and Renin is decreased  
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What is MCAD deficiency?   AR disorder charatec by the inability to degrade medium-linge fatty acids by B-oxidation  
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Which metabolic process is affected by MCAD deficiency?   Beta oxidation of fatty acids  
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What are clinical signs of child with MCAD deficiency?   Hypoketotic hypoglycemia and neurologic and hepatic dysfunction a period of fasting or increased metabolic stress.  
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When and how is Primary Ovarian insufficiency presented?   Occurs in women 40 < years of age and presents with amenorrhea and an elevated FSH level.  
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What does a negative result represent in Agglutination inhibition test?   By the presence of agglutination  
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What are the signs of increased estrogen level in cirrhotic patients?   1. Spider angiomas 2. Palmar erythema 3. Gynecomastia 4. Testicular atrophy 5. Dupuytren's contractures, and 6. Decreased body hair  
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What does an endoscopy in a patient with UC will reveal?   Erythematous, friable mucosa being a the anal verse and extending proximally  
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