Muscle tone
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| What should one look out for in UMN lesion? | 1. Behaviour
2. Secondary Factors
3. Compensatory Factors
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| Hypertonia | the resistance is more than normal when passively
moved
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| Hypotonia | the resistance is lower than normal when passively moved
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| Flaccidity | No resistance when passively moved
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| Absence of tone | Flaccidity
(Tone)
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| Decreased muscle tone | Hypotonia
Tone)
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| No active movement | Flaccidity
(Active movements)
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| Active movements is poor and uncoordinated | Hypotonia
Active movements)
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| Absence of deep tendon reflex | Flaccidity
(Reflex)
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| Supressed cough reflex | Hypotonia
(Reflex)
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| If the limb is moved passively, it usually feels heavy | Flaccidity
(limb)
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| The limb appears flaccid and soft upon touching Lie uncomfortable and abnormal position. | Flaccidity
(limb)
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| Uses limb for -support -increase balance | Hypotonia
(limb)
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| The pt unable hold limb in requested, placed position. against gravity. | Flaccidity
(posture and position)
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| Difficult to move against gravity and maintain posture against gravity | Hypotonia
(posture and position)
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| Subluxation and dislocation of joints | Flaccidity
(joints)
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| Hypermobility of joints | Hypotonia
(joints)
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| 1. Intellectual development problems 2. Problems with eating, drinking, breathing 3.Breathing is shallow 4. Muscle weakness 5. Emotionally Blunt | Hypotonia
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| 1. Medical file 2. Age 3. Immediate condition of pt 4. Observation 5. Passive movement 6. Active Movement 7. Reflex activity | Assessment of Flaccidity and Hypotonia
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| 1. Medical file 2. Age 3. Immediate condition of pt 4. Observation 5. Passive movement 6. Active Movement 7. .Specific structured activity 8. Tonic Reflex activity | Assessment of Hypertonia
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| 1. establish diagnosis 2. Determine has/course of illness 3. When was the injury sustained 4. Prognosis | 1. Medical file
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| 1. dependent adult, child or elderly. | 2. Age
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| 1. Determine if can bring to the department (attached to monitors etc) 2. Consult doctors and nursing staff w.r.t mobility pt | 3. Immediate condition of pt
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| 1. Spontaneous movements 2. participation in activities | 4. Observation
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| Principles: 1. Full ROM 2. Proximal-distal 3. Support limbs- no over stretching muscles, dislocation joints. 4.Ask for help from nurse when needed | 5. Passive movement
(principles)
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| gross movements> fine coordinated movements | 6. Active Movement
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| 7. Reflex activity
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| Position 1. Supine- anatomical mid position. (NO pillow!0 2. side-lying 3. Prone | 5. Passive movement
(Position)
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| 1. note fixated contractors 2. DON'T move past pain threshold Limb painful- misuse and immobilisation. 3. Position correctly (therapist)- pt can fall because of undeveloped protective extension reflexes. | Hypertonic Precautions
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