1610 Biology: Ch. 2 Terms
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| inorganic compound | A simple substance that does not contain a carbon backbone.
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| chemical symbol | The abbreviation for an element; usually the first letter (or the first and second letter) of the English or Latin name.
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| atomic nucleus | the central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, constituting most of its mass but only a small part of its volume.
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| atomic mass(number) | The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom; expressed in atomic mass units or daltons.
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| electron orbital | Region in which electrons occur in an atom or molecule.
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| molecule | The smallest particle of a covalently bonded element or compound; two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.
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| reactant | Substance that participates in a chemical reaction.
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| bond energy | The energy required to break a particular chemical bond.
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| double covalent bond | When two pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms rather than just one pair.
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| polar covalent bond | Chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms that differ in electronegativity; the end of the bond near the more electronegative atom has a partial negative charge, and the other end has a partial positive charge.
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| ionic bond | The chemical attraction between a cation and an anion.
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| ionic compound | A substance consisting of cations and anions, which are attracted by their opposite charges; ionic compounds do not consist of molecules.
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| solution | the process by which a gas, liquid, or solid is dispersed homogeneously in a gas, liquid, or solid without chemical change.
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| reduction | The gain of one or more electrons (or hyrdogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
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| heat | The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance.
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| acid | A substance that is a hydrogen (proton) donor. (unites with bases to form salts)
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| neutral solution | A solution of PH 7; there are equal concentrations of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-].
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| organic compound | A compound consisting of a backbone made up of carbon atoms.
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| atomic number | The number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies the element to which the atoms corresponds.
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| amu (dalton) | atomic mass unit - The approximate mass of a proton or neutron.
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| electron shell | Group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies.
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| chemical formula | A representation of the composition of a compound; the elements are indicated by chemical symbols with subscripts to indicate their ratios.
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| formula | an expression of the constituents of a compound by symbols and figures.
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| product | Substance formed by a chemical reaction.
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| covalent bond | The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; may be single, double, or triple (with one, two, or three shared pair of electrons, respectively.)
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| nonpolar molecule | Molecule that does not have a positively charged end and a negatively charged end; nonpolar molecules are generally insoluble in water.
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| solute | A dissolved substance.
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| hydrogen bond | A weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) with a partial negative charge.
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| hydrophilic | Interacting readily with water; having a greater affinity for water molecules than they have for each other.
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| heat of vaporization | The amount of heat energy that must be supplied to change one gram of a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase.
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| base | (1) A substance that is a hydrogen ion (proton) acceptor; bases unite with acids to form salts. (2) A nitrogenous base in a nucleotide or nucleic acid.
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| acidic solution | A solution in which the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] exceeds the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]. Has a PH less than 7.
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| isotope | An alternative form of an element with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons.
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| simplest formula | The smallest set of possible whole numbers for the atoms in a molecule.
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| covalent compound | A compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds; consist of molecules.
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| polar molecule | Molecule that has one end with a partial positive charge and the other with a partial negative charge; generally soluble in water.
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| hydration | Process of association of a substance with the partial positive and/or negative charges of water molecules.
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| hydrophobic | Not readily with water; having less affinity for water molecules than they have for each other.
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| surface tension | The attraction that the molecules at the surface of a liquid may have for one another.
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| salt | An ionic compound consisting of an anion other than a hydroxide ion and a cation other than a hydrogen ion. Formed by the reaction between a acid and a base.
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| basic solution | A solution in which the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-] exceeds the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]. Has PH greater than 7.
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| atom | The smallest quantity of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
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| electron configuration | The arrangement of electrons around the atom.
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| radioisotope | Unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation.
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| chemical compound | Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
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| molecular formula | The type of chemical formula that gives the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule.
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| chemical bond | A force of attraction between atoms in a compound.
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| single covalent bond | A covalent bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms.
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| covalent bond | The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; may be single, double, or triple (with one, two, or three shared pairs of electrons, respectively).
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| ion | An atom or group of atoms bearing one or more units of electric charge, either positive (cation) or negative (anion).
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| solvent | Substance capable of dissolving other substances.
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| oxidation | The loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
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| cohesion | The property of sticking together.
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| kinetic energy | Energy of motion.
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| calorie | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C; equivalent to 4.184 joules.
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| pH | The negative logarithm of the hyrdrogen ion concentration of a solution (expressed as moles per liter). Neutral pH is 7, values less than 7 are acidic, and those greater than 7 are basic.
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| buffer | A substance in a solution that tends to lessen the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) that otherwise would be produced by adding an acid or base.
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Created by:
Grace Perry
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