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1610 Ch. 2 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 2 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| inorganic compound | A simple substance that does not contain a carbon backbone. |
| chemical symbol | The abbreviation for an element; usually the first letter (or the first and second letter) of the English or Latin name. |
| atomic nucleus | the central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, constituting most of its mass but only a small part of its volume. |
| atomic mass(number) | The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom; expressed in atomic mass units or daltons. |
| electron orbital | Region in which electrons occur in an atom or molecule. |
| molecule | The smallest particle of a covalently bonded element or compound; two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds. |
| reactant | Substance that participates in a chemical reaction. |
| bond energy | The energy required to break a particular chemical bond. |
| double covalent bond | When two pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms rather than just one pair. |
| polar covalent bond | Chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms that differ in electronegativity; the end of the bond near the more electronegative atom has a partial negative charge, and the other end has a partial positive charge. |
| ionic bond | The chemical attraction between a cation and an anion. |
| ionic compound | A substance consisting of cations and anions, which are attracted by their opposite charges; ionic compounds do not consist of molecules. |
| solution | the process by which a gas, liquid, or solid is dispersed homogeneously in a gas, liquid, or solid without chemical change. |
| reduction | The gain of one or more electrons (or hyrdogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule. |
| heat | The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance. |
| acid | A substance that is a hydrogen (proton) donor. (unites with bases to form salts) |
| neutral solution | A solution of PH 7; there are equal concentrations of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-]. |
| organic compound | A compound consisting of a backbone made up of carbon atoms. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies the element to which the atoms corresponds. |
| amu (dalton) | atomic mass unit - The approximate mass of a proton or neutron. |
| electron shell | Group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies. |
| chemical formula | A representation of the composition of a compound; the elements are indicated by chemical symbols with subscripts to indicate their ratios. |
| formula | an expression of the constituents of a compound by symbols and figures. |
| product | Substance formed by a chemical reaction. |
| covalent bond | The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; may be single, double, or triple (with one, two, or three shared pair of electrons, respectively.) |
| nonpolar molecule | Molecule that does not have a positively charged end and a negatively charged end; nonpolar molecules are generally insoluble in water. |
| solute | A dissolved substance. |
| hydrogen bond | A weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) with a partial negative charge. |
| hydrophilic | Interacting readily with water; having a greater affinity for water molecules than they have for each other. |
| heat of vaporization | The amount of heat energy that must be supplied to change one gram of a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase. |
| base | (1) A substance that is a hydrogen ion (proton) acceptor; bases unite with acids to form salts. (2) A nitrogenous base in a nucleotide or nucleic acid. |
| acidic solution | A solution in which the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] exceeds the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]. Has a PH less than 7. |
| isotope | An alternative form of an element with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. |
| simplest formula | The smallest set of possible whole numbers for the atoms in a molecule. |
| covalent compound | A compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds; consist of molecules. |
| polar molecule | Molecule that has one end with a partial positive charge and the other with a partial negative charge; generally soluble in water. |
| hydration | Process of association of a substance with the partial positive and/or negative charges of water molecules. |
| hydrophobic | Not readily with water; having less affinity for water molecules than they have for each other. |
| surface tension | The attraction that the molecules at the surface of a liquid may have for one another. |
| salt | An ionic compound consisting of an anion other than a hydroxide ion and a cation other than a hydrogen ion. Formed by the reaction between a acid and a base. |
| basic solution | A solution in which the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-] exceeds the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]. Has PH greater than 7. |
| atom | The smallest quantity of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. |
| electron configuration | The arrangement of electrons around the atom. |
| radioisotope | Unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation. |
| chemical compound | Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
| molecular formula | The type of chemical formula that gives the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule. |
| chemical bond | A force of attraction between atoms in a compound. |
| single covalent bond | A covalent bond in which one electron pair is shared by two atoms. |
| covalent bond | The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; may be single, double, or triple (with one, two, or three shared pairs of electrons, respectively). |
| ion | An atom or group of atoms bearing one or more units of electric charge, either positive (cation) or negative (anion). |
| solvent | Substance capable of dissolving other substances. |
| oxidation | The loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule. |
| cohesion | The property of sticking together. |
| kinetic energy | Energy of motion. |
| calorie | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C; equivalent to 4.184 joules. |
| pH | The negative logarithm of the hyrdrogen ion concentration of a solution (expressed as moles per liter). Neutral pH is 7, values less than 7 are acidic, and those greater than 7 are basic. |
| buffer | A substance in a solution that tends to lessen the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) that otherwise would be produced by adding an acid or base. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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