Certification Review
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| what is the function of the uppermost collimator shutter? | the eliminate off-focus radiation
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| the radiographer wears a lead apron to protect from what type of radiation? | Compton scatter
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| when trying to determine effective dose, what is used to account for the differences in the tissues that were irradiated? | tissue weighting factor
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| what is an x-ray photon's original intensity at 1 meter from the scattering object? | 1/1000
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| an area occupied by only radiology personnel and patients | controlled area
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| areas occupied by anyone | uncontrolled area
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| occupancy factor | the amount of time the space beyond the barrier is occupied
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| workload | expressed in units of mA seconds/week or mA minutes/week
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| use factor | the percentage of time the primary beam is directed at a particular barrier
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| primary barriers | 1/16 inch lead thickness and 7 feet high
- lead walls and doors of the room
- any surface that can be struck by the primary beam
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| secondary barriers | 1/32 inch lead thickness and must overlap primary by 1/2 inch
- includes control booth
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| when is radiation monitoring required for personnel? | when there is a chance to receive more than 10% of the annual dose (50mSv); 5 mSv
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| the size of the focal spot (does/does not) effect patient dose | does NOT
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| what kind of abnormalities can occur if the fetus is irradiated during the first trimester, specifically between weeks 2-10? | early part: skeletal and/or organ abnormalities
latter part: neurological anomalies
- mental retardation and childhood malignant disease may occur
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| what unit of measurement expresses the ionizing radiation dose to biologic material? | Sievert (Sv)
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| what type of radiation dose the annual occupational dose account for? | beta, x-rays, and gamma rays
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| what can the irradiation of macro molecules of a fetus result in? | cleaved chromosomes, cross-linking, and mutations
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| what dose curve response would leukemia and genetic effects fall under? | linear, nonthreshold
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| stochastic/probabilistic | late effects where dose is related and there is no threshold responsee
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| what tissue absorbs the largest amount of radiation? | bone
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| what interaction contributes significantly to patient dose? | photoelectric effect
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| half value layer describes what about the beam? | the beam quality
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| what is the effect on RBE as LET increases? | as the LET increases, so does the RBE
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| fractionation | equal doses of radiation that are delivered with time interval separations
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| protraction | radiation dose that is delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate
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| apoptosis | also known as interphase death
--cell dies without attempting to divide
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| radiolysis | radiation interaction with water
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| what are the three stages of acute radiation syndrome (ARS)? | 1. hemopoietic syndrome
2. gastrointestinal syndrome
3. cerebrovascular syndrome
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| hemopoietic syndrome | -100 to 1000 rads (1-10 Gy) whole body dose
- death occurs within 3 to 6 weeks following exposure
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| gastrointestinal syndrome | - 1000 to 5000 rads (10-50 Gy) whole body dose
- death occurs one week following exposure
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| cerebrovascular syndrome | - over 5000 rads (50 Gy)
- death occurs within hours or days following exposure
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| what are the 4 requirements for x-ray production? | 1. source of free electrons
2. acceleration of electrons
3. focusing of electrons
4. deceleration of electrons
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| what interaction has a continuous energy spectrum? | Bremsstrahlung
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| what interaction has a discrete energy spectrum | Characteristic
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| what are the 7 types of interactions? | 1. Bremsstrahlung
2. Characteristic
3. Compton
4. Photoelectric
5. Coherent
6. Pair Production
7. Photodisintergration
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| what two interactions occur at the anode? | - Bremsstrahlung
- Characteristic
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| what three interactions occur at the patient? | - Photoelectric
- Compton
- Coherent (only contributes to dose or degrades image quality)
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| what two interactions occur outside of the diagnostic x-ray energy range? | - Pair Production (nuclear medicine)
- Photodisintergration
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| what are the traditional units? | - rad
- rem
- roentgen
- curie
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| what are the SI units? | - gray
- sievert
- columb/kg
- becquerel
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| what is the oxygen effect? | defines the ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation
-- increasing the oxygenation, increase the cell's radiosensitivity
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| what is relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)? | defines the ability to produce biologic damage
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| what does your back-up timer need to be set to for an AEC? | 150% of the mass set or 600
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| what are the minimum lead requirements? | aprons: 0.5 mm Pb
gloves: 0.25 mm Pb
thyroid shield: 0.5 mm Pb
glasses: 0.35 mm Pb
bucky slot cover: 0.25 mm Pb
lead curtains: 0.25 mm Pb
overhead plastic barrier: 0.5 mm Pb
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| what is the maximum exposure at the tabletop of a fluoroscopy unit? | 10R/minute or 2.1 R/minute for each mA at 80 kVp
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| what material is used in a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)? | lithium fluoridee
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| pocket dosimeter | ionization chamber
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| the opically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OLD) uses what material? | aluminum oxide
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| what are the occupational exposure limits? | - annual whole body: 50mSv (5 rem)
- lens of the eye: 150 mSv (15 rem)
- red bone marrow, breast, lung, gonads, skin, and extremities: 500 mSv (50 rem)
- cumulative effect limit: 10mSv x age in years (1 rem x age in years)
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| what are the public exposure limits? | - annual effect dose: 5 mSv (0.5 rem)
- lens of the eye, skin, and extremities: 50 mSv (5 rem)
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| what the exposure limits for an embryo/fetus? | 5 mSv (0.5 rem) for the entire gestational period, maximum of 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem) per month
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| what are the fundamental properties of x-rays? | - scatter in straight lines and cannot be focused
- heterogeneous and polyenergetic
- travels at the speed of light
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| what is the most common interaction? | compton scatter
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