ch 1-3
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| What was the date and who discovered X-ray? | Wilhelm Roentgen, Nov 8 1895
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| What 5 things must be on a finished radiograph to make it a legal document? | Patient name, Date of Exam , Institution where exam took place, Anatomical markers, Medical Record Number (MRN)
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| What is the most common reason a radiographer gets sued? | Negligence
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| What are the steps of the grieving process in order? | Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, then Acceptance
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| What are the steps of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Which is the most basic need? | (bottom to top) Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self Actualization. (most basic need is Physiological)
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| What is a "Code of Ethics"? What are Ethics based on? | "Code of Ethics is a set of moral principles which guide a professionals activities and decisions. Ethics are based on good and bad behavior
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| What are 4 ways of establishing a cooperative relationship with a patient? | 1. Clear Communication 2. Listening 3. Empathy 4. Explaining the procedure
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| What should a patient expect from a registered Radiographer? | Empathy, Knowledge, Clear Communication, etc.
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| Supine | Lying on back, facing upwards. Dorsal recumbent.
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| Prone | Lying on abdomen, facing downwards
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| Recumbent | Lying down in any position
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| Flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint
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| Extension | Increases the angle of a joint
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| Posterior or Dorsal | refers to the back half of the patient
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| Anterior or Ventral | refers to the front half of the patient
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| Cephalic | towards the head end of the body
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| Caudal Superior | away from the head end of the body in relation to another anatomic landmark. (back top half of body)
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| Inferior | towards the feet (below)
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| Superior | towards the head (above)
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| Proximal | Closer to the source or beginning. Closer to the body (attachment point wise)
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| Distal | away from the source or beginning
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| Mid Sagittal Plane | Divides the body into equal right and left halves
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| Mid Coronal Plane | Divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts
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| Axial (Transverse) Plane | A horizontal plane that passes through the body, dividing it into superior and inferior parts. Divides into top and bottom parts.
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| Trendelenburg | Lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet. head down feet up
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| Fowler's | body tilted with head higher than feet
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| Sims Position | pt lying on L anterior side (on stomach), w R knee & thigh flexed and left arm extended down behind the back
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| Decubitus | pt who is lying on one of the following surfaces; Back (Dorsal), Front (Ventral), or side. ALWAYS HORIZONTAL CR
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| Lateral Decubitus | Identified depending on the dependent side (which side is down), and the AP or PA projection indication.
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| Tangential | Touching a curve or surface at only one point. CR "Skims" a body part
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| Axial | any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or MORE along the long axis of the body or body part
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| Medial | Towards the center, or median plane (midline) (spine area)
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| Lateral | Away from the center, or median plane (midline)
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| Anatomic Position | upright position. (standing) with arms abducted slightly down, hands by sides with palms forward, and head and feet (together) and directed straight forward.
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| Adduction | movement of arms & legs towards the body; towards the center/midline
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| Abduction | movement of arms & legs away from the body; away from the center/midline
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| Projection | path or direction of the CR
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| Position | indicates the patient's general physical position
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| Sthenic Body Habitus | Average 50% of population
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| Hyperstenic Body Habitus | thorax is very broad & deep from front to back but is shallow in vertical dimensions. 5% of population. (bigger body habitus)
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| Hyposthenic Body Habitus | Tall/ Slender 35% of population
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| Asthenic Body Habitus | Very thin or slender with a long and narrow body build. Thorax is narrow in width & shallow from front to back but is very long in its vertical dimension. 10% of population
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| Parenchyma | the light, spongey, highly elastic substance that surrounds the lungs
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| Pleura | double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
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| Peritoneum | serous, double-walled membrane that covers most of the abdominal structures and organs
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| Omentum | specific type of double-fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ
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| Pericardium | double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart
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| Expiration | breathing out (exhaling) causing the diaphragm to move up
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| Inspiration | breathing in (inhaling) causing the diaphragm to move down
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| Universal/ Standard Precautions | used on every patient, treating each pt as if they are infectious even if no diagnosis is known
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| Long Scale Contrast | more shades of grey. High kVp of (110-125)
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| Short Scale Contrast | less shades of grey. Low kVp (70-80)
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| Obliques | LPO, RPO, LAO, RAO. 45 Degree angle of the body to the CR
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| The Esophagus is ______ to the trachea. | Posterior, behind
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| Which way does the diaphragm move during Inspiration? Expiration? | Inspiration= Down
Expiration= Up
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| What is the name of the double-walled sac that surrounds the lungs? | Pleura
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| The left lung has how may lobes? What about the right lung. | Left has 2, Right has 3
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| The IR is oriented ______ during a chest radiograph. | landscape
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| What are the structures of the mediastinum? Where is the mediastinum located? | Thymus Gland, Heart & Great Vessels, Trachea, & Esophagus. It is located in the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
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| What happens to radiographic density as patient density increases. Vice versa? | The higher the patient density the lower the radiographic density. The lower the patient density, the higher the radiographic density.
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| What is the medical term for Breast Bone? | Sternum
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| What is the medical term for Voice Box? | Larynx
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| What is the medical term for Collar bone? | Clavicle
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| What is the medical term for Shoulder Blade? | Scapula
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| What is the medical term for Adam's Apple? | Laryngeal Prominence
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| Hilum | Central area of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs
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| Structures of the Bony Thorax | Clavicles, Scapulae, Sternum, Xiphoid Process, 12 PAIRS of ribs (24 in total). and thoracic vertebrae
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| What is the centering point for an AP projection of the chest? | T7, 3-4 inches (8-10 cm ) below jugular notch
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| 3 reasons radiography of the chest is done erect: | 1. Allows the Diaphragm to gravitate down demonstrating more lung field. 2. Shows air/fluid levels in the chest & prevents enlargement of the pulmonary vessels. 3. Allows the patient to take in a deeper breath due to the abdominal structures descending
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| Why is a lordotic done? | To rule out calcification & masses beneath the clavicles. Demonstrate unobstructed view of apices
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| Patient erect, chest against IR | Position: Erect
Projection: PA
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| Patient erect, L-side closest to IR, Anterior surface closest to IR. | Position: LAO
Projection: PA
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| Patient recumbent, lying on left side, IR against anterior surface, horizontal CR | Position: Left Lateral Decubitus
Projection: PA
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| Patient erect, IR on right side | Position: Right Lateral
Projection: Lateral
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| Any position between AP/PA and Lateral | oblique
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| A pt lying on their back is in what position? | Supine or Dorsal recumbent
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| Image Receptor (IR) | Device used to capture latent medical images
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| Basic Physiological need | Air, Water, Blood, etc.
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| Superior: | towards the head
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| PA Projection: | CR enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface
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| Right Lateral Position: | Position perpendicular to true AP or PA projection w/ right side against IR
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| Nosocomial Infection: | Infection acquired in a healthcare institution
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| 3 reasons for two views at 90 degree angles | (Superimposition of anatomic structures), (Localization of lesions and foreign bodies), (Determination of alignment of fractures)
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| What are the three cardinal principles of radiation protection? | Time, Distance, Shielding
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| What are the primary controlling factors for the following image quality factors? Density, Contrast, Resolution, & Distortion. | Density: Primary mAs (overall darkness or lightness of image), Secondary kVp (controls contrast). Contrast: kVp (shades of grey). Resolution: SID, OID and motion (how clear image is) and Distortion: motion, angle of tube
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| kVp | The penetrating power/ quality of the x-ray beam. How fast or strong the x-ray is.
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| High (90-120) kVp produces: | Long Scale Contrast or Lower Contrast (more shades of grey)
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| Low (50-80) kVp produces: | Short Scale Contrast or High Contrast (less shades of grey)
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| mAs: | is the quantity in the beam/ Number of photons in the x-ray beam
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| What happens when the OID is increased? | Magnification is increased
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| What happens when the OID is decreased? | Magnification is decreased
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| What happens when the SID is increased? | Reduces magnification
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| What happens when the SID is decreased? | Increases magnification
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| What is the purpose of using a 72 inch SID on CXR? | Minimize magnification of the heart
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| Why are artifacts undesirable on images? What must be done if they are found on a radiograph? | Because they could superimpose anatomy needed to diagnose a pt. If they are found the the artifact needs to be identified and the image retaken
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| What can you do to minimize voluntary motion? | Clear and Concise instructions/ directions
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| What do you do to minimize involuntary motion? | Short exposure time
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| mA X (time in seconds)= | mAs
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| What is the significance of the diaphragm muscle in abdominal radiography? | Shows if the exposure was taken during inspiration or expiration
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| Gallbladder function: | Stores Bile
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| Pancreas function: | Produces a hormone that stimulates bile release
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| Liver function: | Produces bile
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| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Xiphoid tip | Anterior portion of diaphragm (T9-T10)
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| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Inferior Costal Margins | The Gallbladder
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| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? iliac Crest | L4-L5
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| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? Symphysis Pubis | Bladder
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| The bony landmark will localize what anatomy of the abdomen? ASIS | iliac crest
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| What two views of the abdomen visualize air/fluid levels? | Erect & Left Lateral Decubitus
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| Digestion begins in the | Oral Cavity
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| List the parts of the Urinary System in order from proximal to distal. | Suprarenal GlandsKidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
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| A radiographic exam can only be performed under | a doctors order
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| The __________ that performs the x-ray exam owns the films. | institution
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| According to the 10 day rule, the best time for a female to undergo a radiographic exam is 10 days | 10 days following the onset of menses (menstruation). 10 days after period
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| The distal part of the small bowel is the | ileum
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| What part of the colon does the ileocecal valve empty into ? | The Cecum
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| Parts of the GI tract in order from proximal to distal. | Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Ileocecal valve, Cecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, Hepatic Flexure, Transverse Colon, Splenic Flexure, Descending Colon, Sigmoid , Rectum, Anus
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| On an upright (Erect) abdomen, how are the following items evaluated? | Rotation: None
Anatomy: Diaphragm to top of iliac crest
Exposure Factors: Psoas Muscles, liver margins, Kidneys
Centering point: 2 inches above iliac crest
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| On a Supine Abdomen/KUB, how are the following items evaluated? | Rotation: Iliac wings
Anatomy: KUB; Symphysis Pubis
Exposure Factor: Psoas muscles, liver margins, kidneys
Centering point: Iliac crest, Mid-sagittal plane
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| On a Left Lateral Decubitus abdomen, how are the following evaluated? | Rotation: iliac wings
Anatomy: upper skin margins, Diaphragm to pubic symphysis
Exposure Factor:
Centering Point: 2 inches above the iliac crest
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