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| show | Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, and is a major contributing factor to heart disease, stroke, and hypertension
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| HTN- blurred vision | show 🗑
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| show | Can slow the progression of heart failure. Also used in Hypertension treatment. Adverse effects include dry persistent cough (common), angioedema (STOP MED AND PROVIDE EMERGENCY CARE)
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| show | Increases HR, force of contraction, cardiac output, while dilating arterioles and veins. Increases renal excretion of sodium and water
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| show | Decrease blood volume, renal blood flow, and cardiac output. Monitor potassium levels
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| Calcium Channel Blockers | show 🗑
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| show | FIRST LINE DRUG THERAPY FOR HYPERTENSION. Blocks the sympathetic nervous system to produce a slower HR and lower BP.
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| show | In general they decrease BP by decreasing cardiac output or peripheral vascular resistance. Can cause orthostatic hypotension. Always ask patients that arrive with high BP (previously diagnosed) if they have been taking their meds as prescribed. When BP is less than 140/90 mm Hg for at least 1 year, gradual reduction in meds is indicated.
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| show | Aliskiren (Tekturna), is the only direct renin inhibitor to decrease plasma renin activity and inhibit the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. it can be given alone or in combination. BUT SHOULD NEVER BE USED WITH AN ACE OR ARB. Except for the FIXED DOSE OF valsartan (Valturna)
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| show | Occurs in right-sided heart failure where the right ventricle fails, congestion in the peripheral tissues, because the right side of the heart cannot eject blood effectively and cannot accommodate all of the blood that normally returns to it from the venous circulation.
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| show | Leads to increased venous pressure, jugular venous distention, and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure throughout the venous system. Clinical manifestations include edema (low extremities), hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity), and weight gain due to retention of fluid. A WEIGHT GAIN OF 3 LBS IN ONE DAY, OR 5 LBS IN A WEEK SHOULD BE REPORTED.
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| show | Alternative intervention for severe fluid overload. Used for those with advanced HF who are resistant to diuretic therapy. A dual-lumen central IV is placed, and the patient's blood is circulated through a small bedside filtration machine. Liters of excess fluid and plasma are removed slowly from the intravascular circulating volume over a number of hours. The patients output and filtration fluid, BP, and hemoglobin are monitored for indicators of volume status.
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| show | Follow a low sodium diet (no more than 2g/day) and avoiding excessive fluid intake is recommended. Restriction of sodium is to decrease the amount of circulating blood volume which decreases the myocardial work.
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| Diuretics used in Heart Failure | show 🗑
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| Loop Diuretics in HF | show 🗑
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| Thiazide Diuretics in HF | show 🗑
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| show | Also called potassium-sparing diuretics. An example is spironolactone. They block the effects of aldosterone in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Serum creatinine and potassium levels should be monitored. Should not be given to patients with an elevated serum creatinine.
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| Fe Supplement administration | show 🗑
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| Pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| Clinical Manifestations of Pernicious Anemia | show 🗑
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| show | chills, fever, headache, flushing, tachycardia, and increased anxiety
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| Allergic Reactions in Blood Administration | show 🗑
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| Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions in Blood Administration | show 🗑
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| show | Assess patient's vital signs before, during, and after blood transfusion is complete to screen for any adverse reactions, however, the optimal frequency for assessing these vital signs during the transfusion is not well established.
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