Political Geography
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| state | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
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| microstates | states with very small land areas
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| China | People’s Republic of China
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| Taiwan | Republic of China
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| Fertile Crescent | arc between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea
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| Mesopotamia | eastern Fertile Crescent, Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq
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| city-state | a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
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| nation | a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics
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| nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation
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| self-determination | the concept that nations have the right to govern themselves
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| Versailles Peace Conference | leaders met after WWI to redraw the map of Europe
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| Isaiah Bowman | advisor to Woodrow Wilson, important in redrawing the map of Europe
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| James Fearon | measured how ethnically diverse each country is
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| Nakhichevan | separated from Azerbaijan by a 40-km corridor that belongs to Armenia
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| Lithuania | Roman Catholic, speak Balto-Slavic Indo-European language
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| Latvia | Lutheran, speak Baltic language
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| Estonia | Protestant, speak Uralic language related to Finnish
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| Dniester River | territory that used to be part of Ukraine, inhabitants oppose reuniting with Romania
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| Tajikstan | Civil war 1992-1997 between Tajiks (former Communists) and Muslim fundamentalists and Western-oriented intellectuals
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| multinational state | a state that contains more than one nation
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| colony | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
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| Puerto Rico | commonwealth of the US
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| Greenland | autonomous unit within the Kingdom of Denmark
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| Hong Kong and Macao | special administrative region of China
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| colonialism | an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
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| colonial era | began in the 1400s when Europeans discovered the Americas
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| Berlin Conference of 1884-85 | Europeans decided to convert Africa into colonies
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| United Nations | the most important forum for cooperation among states
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| balance of power | a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
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| Cuban Missile Crisis | 1962: Soviet Union started building missile-launching sites in Cuba
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| Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin | denied that his country had placed missiles in Cuba
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| U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson | dramatically revealed U.S. Department of Defense aerial photographs clearly showing preparations for Russian missiles in Cuba
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| Security Council | any one of the 5 members - China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US can veto a peacekeeping operation
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| democracy | a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office
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| autocracy | a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
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| anocracy | a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types
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| unitary state | most power is placed in the hands of central government officials - common in Europe
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| federal state | strong power is allocated to units of local government - most of the world’s largest states - Russia, Canada, Brazil, India, and the United States
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| Fragile States Index | measures the relative stability of every country - fairness of the legal system, extent of youth unemployment, level of violence, and freedom to express diverse political views
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| weapon of mass destruction | a nuclear, biological, chemical, or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural structures, or the biosphere
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| Saddam Hussein | employed chemical weapons against Kurds and Iranians during the 1980s
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| Operation Desert Storm | drove Iraq out of Kuwait
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| European Union (EU) | economic alliance in Europe, formed in 1958 with 6 members
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| Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) | economic alliance in Europe, formed in 1949 with 6 members - promoted trade and sharing natural resources - disbanded in 1991
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| Brexit | the UK’s withdrawal from the EU in 2016
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | military alliance in Europe - 16 states in Europe plus the US and Canada
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| The Warsaw Pact | military alliance in Europe - Communist Eastern European countries - disbanded in 1991
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