chapter 5
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| Personality developement | Continuities, consistencies, stabilities in people over time, and the way in which people change over time
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| Three key forms of stability | 1) rank order stability
2) mean level stability
3) personality coherence
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| Rank Order Stability | Maintenance of an individual position's within group
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| Mean Level Stability | Constancy of level in population
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| Personality coherence | Maintaining rank order relative to others but changing in the manifestations of trait
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| Two defining qualities of personality change | 1) enduring
2) internal
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| Internal | changes are internal to a person, no changes in the external surroundings
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| enduring | changes are enduing over time, not temporary
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| What are three levels of analysis | 1) Population
2) Group differences
3) individual differences
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| Population level | Changes or constancies that apply more or less to everyone
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| Group differences level | Changes or constancies that affect different groups differently
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| Individual Differences Level | EX: Can we predict who is at risk for psychological disturbance later in life based in earlier measures of personality?
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| Temperament | Individual differences that emerge very early in life, are heritable, and involved behaviors are linked with emotionality
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| What does temperament include? | activity level, smiling and laughter, fear, distress to limitations, soothability, and the duration of orienting
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| Longitudinal Study | Investigation of same group of individuals over time.
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| Block and Block Longitudinal study | Study of 100 children assessed at 3,4,5,7, and 11 years old
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| Activity level assessed in two ways | Using actometer and independent assessments of behavior AND personality provided by teachers
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| Stability coefficients | correlations between same measures obtained at two different points in time
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| Validity coefficients | coefficients between different measures of the same train at the same time
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| Self-esteem variability | magnitude of short-term changes in ongoing self-esteem and is an indicator of vulnerability to stressful life events
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| Sensation seeking | Increases with age from childhood to adolescence, peaks in late adolescence around 18-20, and falls more or less continuously with age after the 20's
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| Mills College Study | longitudinal study of women from an elite college, examined personality changes between the early 40's and early 50's and they found a consistant drop in femininity
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| Cohort effects | changes over time that are attributable to living in different time periods rather than to "true" change
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| Personality coherence | Predictable changes in manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time, even if underlying characteristics remain stable
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| Three predictions of marital dissatisfaction and divorce | husbands neuroticism, husbands impulsivity, and wife's neuroticism.
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| Caspi and Herbner | studied middle-ages couples over time in an 11-yr period, in 1970 and again in 1981.
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