243 EXAM 4
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| secondary spinal cord injury | progressive damage due to compromised blood flow
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| tetraplegia | cervical segment, all four limbs impaired
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| paraplegia | thoracic, sacral, lumbar segment, 2 limbs impaired
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| complications of spinal cord injury | bowel and bladder dysfunction, temperature regulation, DVT, dependent edema, skin integrity
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| autonomic dysreflexia | T6 injury, hypertension, full bladder or pain
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| autonomic dysreflexia lower extremities | goosebumps, cool, pale, moist
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| autonomic dysreflexia upper extremities | flushed, slow heart rate
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| decerebrate | rigidity, palms outward
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| decorticate | internal rotation
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| brain death | loss of function, absence of reflexes, respirations
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| persistent vegetative state | lost cognitive function, spontaneous eye opening, no comprehension
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| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain leads to local hemorrhage and cerebral edema
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| status epilepticus | constant seizures
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| psychogenic seizures | no activity on EEG, manifestations head shaking, closed eyes
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| gastric ulcer manifestation | epigastric pain after food ingestion, nausea, vomiting
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| reparative stage bone healing | callus formation replaces blood clot
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| risk factor for osteoarthritis | women, age
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| osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease, wear and tear, erosion of articular cartilage, asymmetrical
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| symptoms of SLE | arthralgia, arthritis, proteinuria
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| systemic lupus erythematosus | B cell hyperactivity, immune complex forms and activates leading to lupus vasculitis
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| diagnosis SLE | antinuclear antibodies ANA, anti DNA, ESR, C reactive protein
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| rheumatoid arthritis | inflammation in synovial spaces, destructive granulation tissue fill joint spaces
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| rheumatoid arthritis manifestations | symmetrical, aching, pain, instability
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| impetigo | superficial bacterial infection, serous liquid hardens
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| bullous impetigo | staph aureus, eruption and coalesce
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| cellulitis | dermis and subcutaneous, expanding red, swollen, tender
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| type 1 herpes | oropharyngeal infections, respiratory droplets
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| type 2 herpes | genital herpes
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| angioedema | swelling of tongue and upper airways
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| diverticulitis | herniation of tissue of the large intestine through muscular layer of colon
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| diverticulitis pain | left lower quadrant, nausea and vomiting
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| Cushing triad | intracranial pressure manifestation of increased arterial pressure, widen pulse pressure, decreased pulse
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| macro vascular diabetic complications | coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease
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| strain | stretch, mechanical overload of muscle
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| sprain | ligament can be torn or ruptured
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| malunion | healing with deformity
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| fracture blister | epidermal necrosis
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| compartment syndrome | increased pressure, compromises circulation
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| erythema multiforme minor | ring like erythematous macules and blisters
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| steven johnson syndrome | ulceration of mucus membrane and skin
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| ALS | upper and lower motor neurons progressively destroyed, weakness, dysphagia, dysarthraia
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| ischemic stroke | blot clot clogs blood vessel in brain
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| ischemic thrombosis | blood clot forms in artery leading to brain, aphasia, neglect, vision problems
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| embolic ischemia | traveling clot to brain
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| ischemic penumbra | area of infarct surrounded by ischemia, can be restored
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| hemorrhagic stroke | blood vessel bursts in brain
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| myasthenia gravis | attack on acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction leads to muscle weakness
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| type 1 diabetes | pancreatic beta cells destroyed by the body, insufficient insulin
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| type 1 manifestations | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, weakness, ketosis
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| type 2 diabetes | insulin resistance, common with metabolic syndrome, gradual, visual problems
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| gestational diabetes | impaired glucose regulation during pregnancy
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| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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| glucagon | stimulates conversion to glucose
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| gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactic acid
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| diabetic ketoacidosis | fruity breath, Kussamul, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hyperglycemia
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| hyperglycemic hyper-osmotic state | glucose > 600, dehydration, neurological symptoms, coma, type 2
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| A1C | average blood sugar over months, 4-6%
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| multiple sclerosis | inflammation, demyelination of myelin sheaths exposes nerve fibers, plaque formation, sclerosis
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| early multiple sclerosis | myelin sheath damage, able to regenerate
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| late multiple sclerosis | myelin destroyed, nerve fiber damage, permanent loss of function
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| impetigo | bacterial infection of skin
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| hormone resistance | impaired response, absent, defective binding and cellular receptor defects
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| cushing syndrome | excess cortisol secretion leads to osteoporosis, muscle wasting, hirsutism
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| addison disease | destruction of the adrenal gland and glucocorticoid insufficiency, weight loss, fluid imbalance, myalgia, arthralgia
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| jaundice | unconjugated bilirubin
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| prehepatic bilirubin | sickle cell anemia, transfusion reaction
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| cholecystisis | inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones, constant RUQ pain, radiating to shoulder
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| cholelithiasis | gallstones
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| choledolithiasis | stones in common bile duct, backup of flow
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| cholangitis | inflammation of common bile duct
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| pancreas | insulin and glucose regulation, releases enzymes
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| oral glucose tolerance | gestational diabetes diagnostic, thick sugar syrup
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| fasting blood glucose | 8 hours no eating, concentration of glucose
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| polydipsia | due to excretion, thirst
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| polyphagia | hunger, cells starving, weight loss, fatigue
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| hypoglycemia | use too much insulin, fasting or exercise, neurological symptoms, lethargic, restlessness, anxiety, less sugar to the brain
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| somogyi effect | midnight hypoglycemia stimulates counter regulatory response to cause a hyperglycemia in morning
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| dawn phenomenon | normal sugar through the night, hormone release in morning causes hyperglycemia
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| microvascular complication | nephropathies, neuropathies, retinopathies
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| pituitary | secretes hormones that talk to other glands
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| ACTH | adrenal gland; aldosterone and cortisol
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| cortisol | metabolism, antiinflammatory
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| growth hormone deficiency adults | atherosclerosis
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| hyperthyroidism | sweating, nervous, weight loss, heat intolerance, diarrhea, bulging eyes
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| thyroid storm | extreme surge of thyroid hormone, high fever, tachycardia, diarrhea, delirium
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| grave's disease | autoimmune dysfunction of thyroid, goiter, exopthalamus
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| hypothyroidism | low TSH, hypo metabolic state, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, myexedema
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| parkinson's disease | degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra, tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, dementia
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| ALS | affects motor function, sensory and intellect still intact
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| rubella | german measles, togavirus, macular and punctuate rash
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| rubeola | koplick spots, 7 day measles, blotchy spreads to appendages from face
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| lyme disease rash | erythema migrans (bullseye)
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| hyperkeratosis | increased epidermal cell turnover, thickening of skin
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| oculocephalic response | doll's eyes, opposite movement when head is moved
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| oculovestibular reflex | water in eye causes nystagmus
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| monroe kellie hypothesis | increases in volume in one compartment can be compensated for by decreased volume in another
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| brain | 10% blood, 10% CSF, 80% brain tissue
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| cardiac stroke risk factors | strial fibrilation, myocardial infarction, heart failure
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| stroke speech | broca's area, difficulty speaking and understanding
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| glucocorticoids | anti-inflammatory, essential for stress situations
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| primary adrenal cortical insufficiency | increase in ACTH because negative feedback not working
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| secondary adrenal insufficiency | result of hypopituitarism
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| acute adrenal crisis | life threatening situation impairs adrenal cortex
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| hyperkalemia | aldosterone not produced, imbalanced sodium and potassium
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| Addison disease manifestations | myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia
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| inflammatory bowel disease | autoimmune systemic manifestations, inflamed bowel
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| crohn's disease | cobblestone lesions in all layers of intestinal wall, fistulas, malabsorption
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| ulcerative colitis | ulcerative lesions in rectum and colon, in mucosal layer, blood diarrhea
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| achalasia | esophageal motility disorder in lower 2/3 of esophagus
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| acute gastritis cause | NSAID use, bacteria, alcohol and stress
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| gastritis | atrophy of glandular epithelium mucosa
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| chronic gastritis type a | autoimmune, pernicious anemia, neurological symptoms
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| chronic gastritis type b | h pylori, inflammation interferes with protection against acid
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| meningitis signs | kernig and brudinski
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| kernig sign | extended legs, stiffness
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| brudinski | neck flexed, knees bend
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| c dif | hospital acquired infection, overuse of antibiotics, inflamed colon, overgrowth of bacteria, bloody stool
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| predispositions to infection | diabetics, antibiotics, contraceptives, nutrition
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| low levels of cortisol | impaired immune response and inflammatory response
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| bile | aids in digestion of fat soluble vitamins, released from gallbladder, contains bilirubin
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| hiatal hernia | diaphragmatic hernia allows portion of stomach to rise through diaphragm into thorax
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| complications of GERD | esophageal erosion, barrets esophagus
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| gastritis manifestations | pain, emesis, ulceration
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| ulcer complications | hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, penetration
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| diabetic organs risk | kidneys and eyes
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| ecythma | ulcerative impetigo
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| rubeola | 7 day measles, koplik spots on buccal mucosa
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| convulsion | motor seizure involving the whole body
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| epilepsy | spontaneous recurring seizures
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| seizure | alteration in cell permeability and ion distribution
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| motor generalized seizure | involuntary movement during seizure
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| rubella manifestations | enlarged cervical and post auricular lymph nodes
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| stages of varicella | macule, vesicle, granular scab
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