Linguistic Terms and Symbols
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| ablaut | alternation between different vowels within one paradigm or in different derivatives of a root
e.g. sing, sang, sung
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| affricate | a combination of a stop and a fricative
e.g. ch in church or j in jaw
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| approximant | same as semivowel
sound that falls between a vowel and a consonant
e.g. y in you or w water
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| aspiration | voiceless pronunciation of the first part of a vowel after a voiceless consonant, as if an h follows the consonant
e.g. p in pen
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| attestation | instance of a word form appearing in a text
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| attested | appearing in a text or language known from written texts
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| cognate | an etymologically related sound or word
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| dental | a sound pronounced with the tongue touching the front teeth
e.g. d or t
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| diacritic | a distinctive sign such as the umlaut
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| diphthong | a combination of a vowel and a semivowel within the same syllable
e.g. mouse and pie
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| finite verb form | a conjugated verb form
e.g. am, is or was
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| fortis/fortes | tense pronunciation of stops; can be paired with voicelessness, longer duration of stop and aspiration
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| gloss | explanatory comment on a word from, consisting of grammatical information and translation
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| glottalization | the partial closure of the vocal folds
e.g. uh-oh between the schwa and the oh
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| infinite verb form | unconjugated verb form
e.g. the dictionary form of a verb
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| labial | sound produced with the lips
e.g. p or b
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| laryngeal | sound produced with the larynx
e.g. h
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| lenis/lenes | lax, non-tensed, pronunciation of stops, characterized by the absence of features of fortis stops
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| morphology | the study of word forms
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| occlusive | stop
articulation which blocks the vocal tract
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| palatal | consonant pronounced with the hard palate
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| palatalization | shifting of the pronunciation of a consonant toward the hard palate
e.g. from k to ch as in chin from older *kin
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| paradigm | set of all the inflectional forms of a word
e.g. the paradigm of the present tense of the verb to be is:
am, are, is, are, are, are
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| pharyngeal | a sound produced with the pharynx
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| phoneme | a minimally distinctive sound of a language
e.g. t and d
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| phonetics | the study of the pronunciation and perception of speech sounds
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| phonology | the study of the function of speech sounds; describes a set of minimally distinctive sounds in a language
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| plosive | stop
the release burst of the consonant
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| resonant | sonorant consonant; in English, inherently voiced consonants
e.g. r, l, m, n
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| root | the basic form of a word without suffixes or endings
e.g. like is the root of liking, likely and likeable
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| schwa | mid central vowel
e.g. the and the second syllable of sofa
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| semivowel | sound that falls between a vowel and a consonant
e.g. y in you or w in water
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| sibilant | a hissing sound
e.g. s or z
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| stem | root plus suffixes without the ending
e.g writings
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| stop | occlusive or plosive consonant
e.g. t or b
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| suffix | a part of a word with a grammatical or derivational function
e.g. the second part of used, using, useful
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| syllabic | like a vowel, forming the nucleus of a syllable
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| velar | vowel pronounced with the soft palate
e.g. k or g
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| * | hypothetical
precedes a word or sound that is reconstructed or otherwise not securely attested in writing
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| - | indicates that the letters before or after it are part of a word
e.g. oo in the word book
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| < > | indicate that a particular sound has changed into another sound
e.g. a to o
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| ā | macron
indicates that the duration of the vowel is longer than that of the same vowel without a makron
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| ś | indicates that the consonant has a palatal pronunciation
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| š | hachek
indicates that the consonant has a palatal pronunciation
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| ʷ | indicates that the preceding sound is pronounced with rounding of the lips
e.g. qu in quick
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Created by:
KatetheCatLady
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