1 Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Research Methods
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| • Psyche | Mind
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| • Logos | Knowledge or study
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| • Behavior | Overt (i.e., can be directly observed)
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| • Mental processes | Covert (i.e., cannot be directly observed)
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| • Description of Behaviors | Naming and classifying various observable, measurable behaviors
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| • Understanding | Being able to state the causes of a behavior
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| • Prediction | Predicting behavior accurately
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| • Control | Altering conditions that influence behaviors
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| • Positive use | To control unwanted behaviors (e.g., smoking, tantrums, etc.)
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| • Negative use | To control people’s behaviors without their knowledge
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| • Palmistry | Lines on your hands (palms) predict future and reveal personality
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| • Phrenology | Personality traits revealed by shape of skull
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| • Graphology | Personality traits are revealed by your handwriting
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| • Astrology | The positions of the stars and planets at birth determine personality traits and affect your behavior
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| • Wilhelm Wundt | “Father” of psychology
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| • Introspection | Looking inward (i.e., examining and reporting your thoughts, feelings, etc.)
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| • Cognitive | Study thoughts, memory, expectations, perceptions, and other mental processes
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| • Biopsychology | All of our behavior can be explained through physiological processes
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| • Positive Psychology | Study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior
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| • Social Constructionism | Focus on importance of social and cultural contexts in influencing our behavior
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| • Evolutionary Psychology | Attempts to explain how useful mental and psychological traits are functional products of evolution in natural selection.
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| • Independent variable | Condition(s) altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their size, amount, or value; these are suspected causes for behavioral differences
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| • Dependent variable | Demonstrates effects of the independent variable on behavior
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| • Extraneous variables | Conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment (e.g., number of hours slept before the experiment)
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| • Observer effect | Changes in subject’s behavior caused by an awareness of being observed
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| • Observer bias | Occurs when observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details
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| • Positive correlation | Increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable
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| • Negative correlation | Increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable
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| • Natural clinical tests | Studying natural events, such as a tsunami, that provide psychological data, rather than recreating an experience of a tsunami.
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