u4 vocab
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| sensation | sensory receptors and NS receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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| perception | organizing and interpreting sensory information, allowing us to recognize meaning objects and events
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| bottom-up processing | analysis that begins w/ the sensory receptors and works upo to the brain’s integration of sensory info
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| top-down processing | info processing guided by higher level thinking, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations
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| selective attention | focusing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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| in-attentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment
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| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, transforming stimulus energies (sights, sounds, smells) into nerves impulses our brain can interpret
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| psychoanalysis | study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
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| signal detection theory | predicting how and when we detect the presence of a fain stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) assumes no single absolute threshold
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| subliminal | below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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| priming | below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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| absolute threshold | minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time- as a just noticeable difference
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| webers law | to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage( rather than an amount)
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| sensory adaption | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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| extra sensory perception (ESP) | controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
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| parapsychology | study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
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| wavelength | distance from the peak of 1 light or sound wave to the peak of the next electromagnetic wavelength, vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to long pulses
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| hue | dimension of color that is determined by wavelengths of light
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| intensity | amount of energy in a light or sound wave, brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude
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| pupil | adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
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| iris | ring of muscle tissue that focuses the colored part of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
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| lens | transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
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| accommodation | the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
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| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, greasy, and white; peripheral and twilight (?) vision when cones don’t respond
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| cones | retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well lit conditions; fine details and color sensations
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| optic nerve | carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
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| blind spot | point when the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because no receptor cells are located there
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| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus; shape, angle, or movement
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| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously, natural mode of info processing for many functions (vision) contrast w/ the step-by-step processing
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| young-helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory | retire contains 3 different color receptors; red, green, and blue- when simultaneously in combination can produce the perception of any color
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| opponent-process theory | opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow- blue, white-black) enable color vision, some cells stimulate different
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| gestalt | an organized whole-tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
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| figure-ground | organization of the visual field into objects that stand out
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| grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent group
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| depth perception | ability to see objects in 3D, although the images that strike the retina are 2D, allows us to judge distance
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| visual cliff | lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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| binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal display, that depend on the use of 2 eyes
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| retinal disparity | binocular cue for perceiving depth and composing images from the retinas in 2 eyes, brain commutes distance
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| monocular cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
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| phi phenomena | an illustration of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights clink on and off in quick succession
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| color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths
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| perceptive adaptation | ability to adjust to a displaces or even inverted visual field
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| audition | sense or act of hearing
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| frequency | number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
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| pitch | a tone’s experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency
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| middle ear | chamber between the eardrum and cochlea contains 3 tiny holes (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrums on the cochlea’s oval window
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| cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger curve impulses
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| inner ear | inner most part of the ear, contains the cochlea, semi-circular cancels, and vestibular sacs
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| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, nerve deafness
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| conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
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| cochlear implant | device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
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| place theory | in hearing, the rate of nerve impulses traveling is the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
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| gate-control theory | spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that clocked pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
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| kinesthesia | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
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| vestibular sense | sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
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| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another
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| embodied cognition | in psychological science, influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
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