PROTISTS
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| Excavata groups | Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans
Spiral clade that includes kinetoplastids and euglenoids
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| Sar groups | Stramenophiles, alveolates, rhizarians
Most controversial
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| Archeaplastida groups | red algae, green algae, and plants
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| Unikonta groups | includes animals, fungi, and some protists.
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| Endosymbiosis | a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism
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| Diplomonads | lack plastids and have modified mitochondria called mirosomes
that derive anaerobic biochemical pathways
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| Diplomonads example | often parasites Ex. Giardia intestinalis
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| Parabasalids | lack plastids and have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that derive energy anaerobically
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| Parabasalids example | Trichomonas vaginalis
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| Kinetoplastids | single mitochondrion with DNA called kinetoplast.
EX: African sleeping sickness and Chagas kissing bug) disease (
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| Euglenids | has one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket from one end of the cell
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| Stramenophiles characteristics | have hairy flagella with a smooth flagella
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| Strameophile EX | Brown algae and diatoms
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| Alveolates characteristics | has membrane enclosed sacs (alveoli) just beneath the plasma membrane.
Include: Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates
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| Dinoflagellates | has two flagella reinforced by cellulose plates
Toxic "red rides" are caused by dinogellates blooms
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| Apicomplexans | spread through their host as infectious cells called sporozoites (penetrates host cell)
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| Apicomplexans EX | Malaria
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| Ciliates | Most are predators of bacteria or protists with two types of nuclei.
Sexual process is through binary fisson
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| Rhizarians | Many species are amoebas that move and feed by pseudopodia
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| Radiolarians characteristics | have symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica
cytoplasm engulf prey that becomes attached to pseudopodia
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| Pseudopodia | the extension of the body
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| Formaniniferans (Forams) | "tests" shells made of calcium carbonate. Pseudopodia extend through pores of tests.
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| Red algae | reddish in color because of phycierythrin that masks the color of chlorophyll
usually, multicellular ad the largest are seaweeds
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| Green algae characteristics | Closely related to plants.
Main groups are charophytes and chlorophytes
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| Green algae environment | Most lives in freshwater and marine
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| Amoebzoans | tube or lobe like psuedopodia
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| Slime molds | spore producing fruiting bodies
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| Plasmodial slime molds characteristics | a unicellular feeding mass (plasmodium0
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| Cellular slime molds characteristics | motile stage, forms fruiting body
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| Tubulinids | most are common unicellular protists in soil, freshwater, and marine environments
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| Entomoebas | parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
Causes amebic dysentery.
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| Symbiotic protists | benefit from their host or are parasitic (plasmodium causes malaria)
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| Photosynthetic producer protists | use photosynthesis and are main producers in aquatic coommunities.
Are limited by nutrients
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| Photoautotrophs | contains chloroplasts.
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| Heterotrophs | absorb organic molecules or ingest food
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| Mixotrophs | combine photosynthesis and heterotrophism
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| 4 supergroups of eukaryotes | Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastids, Unikonta
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| Protists are.. | eukaryotes
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| Unikonta clades | amoebozoans and ophisthkonts
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| Rhizarian groups | radiolarians, forams, cercozoans
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| Amoebzoans groups | slime molds, tubulins, and antamoebas
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