Attempt 2
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| What is extensive land use? | show 🗑
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| show | Uses a small area; high inputs of labor; high output
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| show | ~12,000 years ago
Also known as the Neolithic Revolution
1st Domestication of plants and animals
Hallmarks: mostly subsistence, simple tools, manual labor
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| show | Increased food supply, increased population, increased population density, increased disease, increased inequality. This revolution occurred independently in agricultural hearths.
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| show | The hearths led to the first urban centers, which grew into the first civilizations.
The main hearths are: Fertile Crescent and the Nile, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America
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| What was the Columbian Exchange? | show 🗑
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| show | A change in the countryside
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| What was the enclosure movement? | show 🗑
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| What did the enclosure movement do to the underclasses? | show 🗑
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| show | The 1700s (just after the industrial revolution)
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| What were the hallmarks of the second agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| What were the results of the second agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| What were two main impacts of the second agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Barbed wire
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| What was the third agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | The development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, and faster growing varieties of grains; double-cropping; increased use of fertilizers and pesticides; agribusiness model, industrial agriculture, factory farms; hybrids; GMOs
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| show | The man credited with triggering the Green Revolution
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| show | Massive yield increases between 1960 and 2000 according to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization
- Wheat – 206% ^ Corn – 157% ^
- Rice – 109% ^ Potatoes – 78% ^
On Average:
1962 – 1 farmer fed 26 people
2000s – 1 farmer fed 155 people
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| What did the technology of the third agricultural revolution do? | show 🗑
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| How are hybrids produced? | show 🗑
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| show | Have been done since the 1st Agricultural Revolution
Now agricultural scientists have access to varieties from across the globe
Seeds produced by them are often infertile
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| What are GMOs? | show 🗑
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| What are the pros and cons of GMOs? | show 🗑
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| show | Corn, soybeans, and cotton
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| Where did most of the research for the Green Revolution originate? | show 🗑
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| show | For-profit corporations
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| What were some positive economic effects of the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| What happened in 2005? | show 🗑
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| What are poor farmers forced to do because of the Green Revolution and GMOs | show 🗑
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| show | Environmental damage
Lack of sustained investment
Disregard for local needs
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| What part of the Green Revolution has led to soil erosion? | show 🗑
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| What has the intensity of land use in association with the Green Revolution done? | show 🗑
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| show | Air, water, and sound pollution.
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| Who was impacted most by the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| In the developing world in what areas did men receive further dominance because of the green revolution and why? | show 🗑
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| In the developing world why did men receive further dominance in some areas because of the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Private and public investments
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| Who greatly supported the transfer of new technologies in the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| When did government funding for the Green Revolution dry up? | show 🗑
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| show | The rising costs of seeds, machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides were passed on to farmers. With shrinking profit margins corporations curtailed their investments in the Green Revolution.
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| What did the Green Revolution do to the DTM? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanization and the cost of agriculture increasing (Part of the Green Revolution and the DTM)
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| During the Green Revolution what resulted in rising labor costs and a worker shortage in rural areas? | show 🗑
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| Where was the Green Revolution very successful? | show 🗑
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| show | Africa
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| show | Diverse soils and climates. Seed and fertilizer development for the region was complicated and expensive. Harsh conditions Staple Crops were usually not included in research hybridization programs. Political turmoil complicated rollout of new techs
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| What are the harsh environmental conditions that challenged technologies and workers and that affected the Green Revolution in Africa? | show 🗑
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| What are some of Africa's staple crops? | show 🗑
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| Where does Africa's population growth rank compared to other regions in recent times? | show 🗑
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| show | High population growth and lack of a Green Revolution
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| show | Physical geography and economics
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| What does physical geography question for agricultural decisions? | show 🗑
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| show | Is it profitable
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| What is subsistence agriculture? | show 🗑
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| What is commercial agriculture? | show 🗑
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| show | Location: usually near urban centers or transportation hubs
Examples: truck farming and dairy farming
Inputs: large amounts of labor and machinery, often on large tracts of land
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| show | Location: usually near densely populated areas with access to local markets
Examples: farmers who grow a wide variety of crops such as corn, cassava, millet, or yams and raise some livestock
Inputs: often labor-intensive production on small plots
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| Where is extensive commercial farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | show 🗑
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| Where is extensive subsistence farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | show 🗑
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| show | Nomads that move their herds to different pastures within their territory
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| show | Arid and semi-arid regions
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| show | animals for survival; cattle (East Africa), goats, camels (the Middle East), reindeer (Siberia, Finland), yaks, sheep, and horses provide milk for food and hides.
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| show | The DTM, technological change, the attractiveness of modern lifestyles, and government policies that discourage this style of land use
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| show | Reindeer herders in Finland
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| show | Governments are more protective of borders and pasture is increasing being used by agribusinesses and mining and petroleum interests
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| What are some other names for shifting cultivation? | show 🗑
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| show | Shifting cultivation
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| show | Usually tropical climate regions?
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| What does shifting cultivation entail? | show 🗑
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| What are some products used in Slash and Burn Agriculture? | show 🗑
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| show | Destructive or primitive
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| show | Laos
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| What is shifting cultivation linked to? | show 🗑
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| show | That it is the best style of agriculture for the tropics
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| show | In the tropics; hot, humid climates with substantial precipitation
(note this takes place in areas that are typically associated with subsistence)
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| What is a plantation? | show 🗑
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| What crops are typically grown on plantations? | show 🗑
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| Where is Mixed Farming (Crop/Livestock) used typically? | show 🗑
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| What is Mixed Farming? | show 🗑
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| show | Allows farmers to work year-round and creates a more steady income flow
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| Where is grain farming typically located? | show 🗑
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| What is done in grain farming? | show 🗑
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| show | Planted in early spring and harvested in early autumn. Grown in colder regions like the Dakotas and Canada
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| What is Winter Wheat? | show 🗑
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| show | Market gardening, truck gardening, or fruit farming
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| Where is commercial gardening typically located? | show 🗑
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| show | In the US farmers produce lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes
Most of the products are now sold to companies for canning or freezing
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| show | A growing season is the time period when the weather allows plants to grow. They vary by regions and plants. The U.S. state of Alaska has an average growing season of only 105 days. But the season's 24-hour-sunlight, produce can grow to huge proportions
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| show | Most commercial dairies are located in the USA, Canada, and Europe; traditionally this was localized due to the perishable nature of the product. This pattern still exists in the developing world
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| show | Farms that specialize in the production of milk and dairy products
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| What are milksheds? | show 🗑
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| show | Large corporate dairies have largely replaced them. This decreased the number of farms, but increased dairy production
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| Where is the Mediterranean? | show 🗑
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| What is typically grown in the Mediterranean? | show 🗑
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| show | The seasonal herding of animals in higher elevations in summer and lower elevations in the winter. Typically sheep and goats
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| show | Herders in the Mediterranean
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| show | China
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| Where is livestock ranching typically found? | show 🗑
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| What is livestock ranching? | show 🗑
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| show | Demographic and economic forces
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| What are the demographic forces affecting the land use of farmers? | show 🗑
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| show | The increasing demand for meat in fast food and changing diets
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| What are agribusinesses? | show 🗑
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| show | The raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land.
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| show | Monoculture?
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| show | They operate at an economy of scale that makes it difficult for independent farmers to keep up. They often operate as vertical monopolies. Farmers in developing countries can’t compete with those that are located in the wealthier states.
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| show | Controlling the growth of the product, processing, production, transportation, marketing, retail, research and development of products.
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| show | The process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and transport them to consumers
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| What are the steps of the commodity chain? | show 🗑
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| show | Customer is the one who is purchasing the goods. Consumer is the one who is the end user of any goods or services. Consumers are unable to resell any product or service. Customers need to purchase a product or service in order to use it.
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| show | 1) Planting – seeds, fertilizer, water
2) Growing – fertile land, water
3) Harvesting – dried and stored until processed
4) Processing – packaged or used to create other products
5) Marketing – sold for animal feed, human food, or other uses
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| What does the life of cattle look like? | show 🗑
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| show | Concentrated animal feeding operations
Animals in CAFOs are kept in high-density settings and are fattened for market.
The lack of movement resulting from the cramped conditions is actually encouraged to help animals gain weight faster.
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| show | Families live in close proximity to each other. Agricultural based community – hamlet or village; composed of houses and farm buildings
Fields surround the community
Strong sense of community
Easy to share services like schools.
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| Where are clustered rural settlements typically found? | show 🗑
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| show | Farmers live on their own, individual farms
Isolated, spread out community
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| Where are dispersed rural settlements typically found? | show 🗑
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| show | Buildings run along a fixed landscape
Ex. Roads, rivers, canals
Resulting in a straight line landscape
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| show | An examination and recording of the area and features of (an area of land) so as to construct a map, plan, or description; used to measure and divide land
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| show | England and early North American settlements
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| What are metes? | show 🗑
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| What are bounds? | show 🗑
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| What are some examples of metes and bounds? | show 🗑
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| Where is the township and range survey method used? | show 🗑
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| show | The government divided land into townships that were 6 miles long by 6 miles wide.
Each square mile was a section that could be further divided into smaller lots
Sections were reserved for schools and railway lines
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| Where is the long lot survey method used? | show 🗑
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| What was the long lot system used for? | show 🗑
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| How should one analyze an image? | show 🗑
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| What are some signs of culture? | show 🗑
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| show | A German economist and farm owner in the early 1800s
He suggested that there was a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods.
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| show | - farmers were in business for profit
- there is ONE market where farmers sold their produce
- the market is located in an isotropic plain
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| What is an isotropic plain? | show 🗑
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| show | That decisions regarding what to produce were based largely upon transportation costs which are proportional to the distance from the market.
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| What are some rules regarding agricultural land use in accordance with Johann von Thunen and Distance Decay? | show 🗑
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| In Thunen's model what is the central city? | show 🗑
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| show | Horticulture- intensive forms of agriculture: Market gardening and dairy
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| show | Small due to the intensive nature of the work
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| Why does the first zone of Thunen's model look the way it does? | show 🗑
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| What is the second zone of Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| How are the zones in Thunen's model ordered? | show 🗑
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| Why was wood important in Thunen's day? | show 🗑
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| show | They were important, but heavy and difficult to transport
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| What is the third zone of Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| What are some crops grown in the third ring of Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| Why are wheat and corn located where they are in Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| show | Grazing/ranching and animal products
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| What does the fourth zone of Thunen's model look like? | show 🗑
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| What is the bid rent curve? | show 🗑
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| What is the waste in the bid rent curve/Thunen's model | show 🗑
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| Can Von Thunen's model only be applied to agriculture? | show 🗑
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| What has happened to Von Thunen's model over-time? | show 🗑
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| show | Typically circular though it is not necessarily that exact. It may simply be rounded. What is necessary is that the model radiates in some way from a central district
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| What does Von Thunen's model expect? | show 🗑
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| What are some potential agricultural competitive advantages afforded to some regions by physical features? | show 🗑
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| show | Wood isn’t nearly as important today. Although this ring is valued as a greenbelt.
Dairy isn’t just milk. Cheese has a long shelf-life.
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| What types of crops don't fit Von Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| What is something that heavily interferes with the efficacy of the Von Thunen model today? | show 🗑
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| show | They sometimes buy land near cities and farm it (hay) using little investment. They hold the land until they can flip it or develop it.
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| What must be remembered about models? | show 🗑
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| show | The transition of land from fertile to desert; this can happen naturally or as a result of human actions
One region particularly prone to desertification is the Sahel.
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| show | Forests have replaced fields and are unlikely to return to their natural state and have been altered by chemical fertilizers. Wetlands have been drained causing greater flooding. Conflicts over water rights rising. Overgrazing led to desertification.
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| What are some examples of areas where water right conflicts are a problem? | show 🗑
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| What is the Aral Sea? | show 🗑
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| show | Health problems, loss of livelihood, ecological disaster
Ban Ki-moon, the former UN Secretary General called it “one of the planet's worst environmental disasters"
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| show | The removal of large tracts of forest
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| What are the advantages of terracing? | show 🗑
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| show | Significant labor to build and maintain; artificial landscape
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| Where does terracing occur? | show 🗑
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| What is irrigation? | show 🗑
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| show | Provides crops with an essential need
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| show | disrupts the natural drainage of water; reduces the normal regeneration of soils caused by natural flooding; salinization; the overuse of ground water can result in land subsidence
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| show | The compaction of soil and rock when waters are removed; commonly occurs with the overuse of ground water
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| What two areas of the US use irrigation extensively? | show 🗑
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| What uses 80% of California's water? | show 🗑
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| show | The average American consumes around 40 gallons of California water per day
The average American consumes 1,300 gallons of water per day through food consumption
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| show | Both California and the area served by the Ogallala Aquifer are facing major water shortages which will drastically impact American agriculture
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| show | 1. Increase yields to feed more people
2. Improve the nutritional value of foods
3. Increase the profits of farming
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| show | GMOs are more nutritious, resistant to extreme weather and pests, and take longer to spoil
The majority of scientists think they're safe to consume
GMOs are only widely used in the US, Brazil, and Argentina
Europe has strong restrictions against GMOs
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| What is a problem GMOs pose for poor farmers? | show 🗑
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| show | Super-pests or super-weeds
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| show | The long-term impact is unknown
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| What is an issue regarding export and GMOs? | show 🗑
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| How are GMOs made? | show 🗑
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| show | Without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or any other unnatural processes. Many believe it is better for the environment
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| show | Farming is more labor-intensive than other forms of farming. This makes the food produced considerably more expensive.
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| What are locovores? | show 🗑
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| What are the pros and cons of locovores? | show 🗑
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| show | T the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
The practice has been common in China and SE Asia for thousands of years and is now rapidly spreading.
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| What is the Blue Revolution? | show 🗑
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| What produces 50% of the world's seafood? | show 🗑
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| show | Aquaculture is fastest
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| show | Overfishing has led to it
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| What is an open-pen system? | show 🗑
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| What are disease related issues associated with open-pen aquaculture? | show 🗑
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| show | Disrupts the economy of traditional fisherman
Farms owned by agribusinesses may unethically exploit local farmers and the local environment
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| What are some non-disease and non-economic issues with open-pen aquaculture? | show 🗑
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| What are pesticides and herbicides? | show 🗑
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| What are antibiotics and growth hormones used for in agriculture/what do they do? | show 🗑
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| What do chemical fertilizers? | show 🗑
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| What are monocultures? | show 🗑
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| show | creates a loss of biodiversity
farmers abandon older varieties
Creating the need for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
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| show | For agriculture
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| What are two common occurrences with irrigation? | show 🗑
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| What are blooms? | show 🗑
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| show | Overuse of agricultural chemicals and climate change
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| show | Can be deadly for fish and other water life
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| show | Globally, women make up about 40% of the agricultural workforce.
In areas of subsistence farming they make up about 70%.
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| Historically, what was the role of women in agriculture? | show 🗑
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| show | Men migrate to urban centers in search of employment. The women stay home and work on their farms with the children.
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| show | Often as the sellers of food
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| show | They've gotten pushed out of agricultural work
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| show | People consume less of what they grow
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| show | People now purchase more convenience foods
Companies are now doing research to making convenience foods that look good, are tasty, and healthy
People are eating out more than ever
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| What are is an example of the change to convenience food in some societies? ? | show 🗑
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| show | Americans spent more money eating out than on groceries
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| Does neocolonialism influence agriculture? | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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