Sensation and Perception and Chemical Senses
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| sensation | Information from the external world enters our body via sensory receptors for light, sound, touch, smell, and taste
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| vision | most reliable sense; devoted to visual processing; concerned with the detection of light stimuli
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| hue | determined by the wavelength of the light
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| saturation | purity of the light (i.e., are there multiple wavelengths/hues)
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| brightness | determined by the intensity of the light (i.e., how many waves of this kind of light are there)
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| extraocular muscles | responsible for moving the eye in various directions
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| sclera | outer coating of the eye, attaches to muscles
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| conjunctiva | outermost mucous membrane of the eye
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| cornea | outermost layer in front of the eye (transparent–allows light to pass through)
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| pupil | aperture that allows light into the eye (opening and closing is controlled by the iris)
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| lens | layers of transparent tissue that change shape to focus light (accommodation; shape is changed by ciliary muscles)
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| vitreous humor | fluid that fills the eye between the lens and retina
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| retina | back layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
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| optic disk | blind spot, gathering of sensory axons in the area of the retina that contains no photoreceptors (no photoreceptors = no vision)
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| vergence movements | fix both eyes on the same target, coordinated movement
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| saccadic movements | rapid back and forth movements used for scanning stimuli
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| pursuit movements | slower movements used for following objects through space, usually deliberate
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| photoreceptors | rods and cones
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| bipolar cells | “interneurons” connecting the photoreceptors with ganglion cells
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| ganglion cells | sensory neurons that form the optic nerve and enter the brain
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| horizontal cells | parallel connection of photoreceptors
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| amacrine cells | parallel connection of ganglion cells
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| outer segment | contains lamellae and photopigments
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| inner segment | contains nucleus
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| opponent process theory | the ability to perceive color is controlled by three receptor complexes with opposing actions
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| gustation | our sense of taste
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| olfaction | smell; older in the evolutionary sense
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| audition | second most important sense; as a species that relies on verbal language, it is arguably as important as vision
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