Theories of P test 3
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| OCEAN stands for... | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticisim
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| Openness is... | original, independent, creatvie, daring
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| conscientiousness | careful, reliable, hardworking, organized
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| extraversion | sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate
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| agreeableness | good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous
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| neuroticisim | worried, insecure, nervous, highly strung
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| ways in which Erikson extended Freud's theory part 1 | 1) He elaborated on Freud's stages of development, suggesting that personality continues to develop over the entire lifespan
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| ways in which Erikson extended Freud's theory part 2 | 2) He placed greater emphasis on the ego than id. In Erikson’s view, the ego is an independent part of the personality. It is not dependent on or subservient to the id.
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| ways in which Erikson extended Freud's theory part 3 | 3) recognized the impact on personality of cultural & historical forces. Argued that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors at work in childhood. Although they are important, they do not provide a complete explanation of personality.
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| Erikson's theory encompasses 8 stages of psychosocial development | )Infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, and old age
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| what's meant by epigenetic principles maturation | inherited forces are the determining characteristics of the developmental stages
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| Trust vs. Mistrust | birth-1; infant totally dependent on the mother or primary caregiver, interaction with the mother determines an attitude of trust or mistrust for future dealings with the life will be incorporated into his or her personality; trust can be lost later
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| Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame | 2-3; children learning to do things on their own; holding on and letting go; prototypes for reacting to later conflicts in behaviors and attitudes. The child develops feelings of self-doubt and a sense of shame in dealing with others
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| Initiative vs. Guilt | 3-5; children express a strong desire to take initiative in many activities; Oedipal relationship- desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and establish a rivalry with the parent of the same sex
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| Industriousness vs. Inferiority | 6-11; Child learns industriousness primarily as a means of getting praise and satisfaction from successfully completing a task; developing new skills
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| Identity Cohesion vs. Role Confusion | 12-18; meet and resolve the crisis of our basic ego identity (the self-image formed during adolescence that integrates our ideas of what we are and what we want to be)
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| Intimacy vs. Isolation | end of adolsence-35; establish independence from our parents; undertake some form of productive work and establish intimate relationships, typically close friendships and sexual unions; care and commitment
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| Generativity vs. Stagnation | 35-55; need to be involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.
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| Ego integrity vs. Despair | rest of life; confronted with a choice; attitudes govern the way we evaluate our lives; reflection on life
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| Epigenetic principle of maturation | The idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factors
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| Basic strengths | motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from the satisfactory resolution of the crisis at each developmental stage
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| Adaptive Coping | more focused on the ego
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| Maldevelopment | A condition that occurs when the ego consists solely of a single way of coping with conflict
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| Maladaptive | only the positive, adaptive, tendency is present in the ego; leads to neuroses
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| Malignant | only the negative tendency is present; leads to psychoses
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| Questions about Human Nature | Allport’s view of functional autonomy and personality development holds that emotionally healthy adults are not tied to or driven by childhood conflicts.
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| Allport’s personality trait characteristics | Traits are real and exist within each of us
Cause or determine behavior
Demonstrated empirically
They are interrelated
They can vary with the situation
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| Free will vs. determinism | allport granted free choice in our deliberations about our future, but he also recognized that some behaviors are determined by traits and personal dispositions. Ones these behaviors are formed, they’re difficult to change.
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| Factor analysis | a statistical technique based on correlations between several measures which may be explained in terms of underlying factors.
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| Cattell’s approach to personality traits | cattell defined traits as relatively permanent reaction tendencies that are the basic structural units of the personality. He classified traits in several ways
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| Source traits (16) | stable and permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derrived by the method of factor analysis.
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| Cattell’s version of the development of personality | personality gets less flexible as we get older.
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| PEN | P- psychoticism vs. impulse control (or superego functioning)
E- extraversion vs. introversion
N- Neuroticism vs. Emotional stability
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| Stability over time | personality traits are stable across the lifespan
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| Introverted | may not take much volume in the environment around them to cause them to response; wired with a weaker nervous system
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| Research from OCEAN | Agreeableness has a strong environmental component (nurture)
The others have a strong hereditary component (nature)
Stability across the lifespan
Women report higher levels of N, E, A, and C; lower levels of O
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| Emotional Correlates | Well-being: higher on E, lower on N, High A and C (think about how A & C impact your social life)
Extraversion- likable, positive emotions
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| Behavior Correlates | Conscientiousness: better grades & more responsible; increased health; low score leads to use of alcohol & illegal drugs
Agreeableness: fewer problems
Openness: various intellectual interests; seeks challenges
Neuroticism: greater longevity
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| The dark triad of personality | narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy
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| Narcissism | extreme selfishness, an inflated sense of one’s abilities and talents, and the constant need for admiration and attention
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| Machiavellianism | the need to manipulate others, characterized by cunning, deceit, and unscrupulous behaviors
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| Psychopathy | callous, insensitive, egocentric, antisocial, takes advantage of other people, using great charm and often violence
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| Dirty Dozen Scale | quick way of assessing the Dark Triad
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| Play therapy with emotionally disturbed children | provide variety of toys and observe how the children play with them. Form and intensity of play revealed personality that might not be manifested verbally because of limited expression.
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| Identity cohesion vs. role confusion | This is when we form our self-image, the integration of our ideas about ourselves and about what others think about us.
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| Moratorium | the second adolescent status, described people who are still undergoing their identity crisis
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| Ego integrity vs. despair | attitudes govern the way we evaluate our whole life. Our major endeavors are at or nearing completion
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| Generativity vs. stagnation | 35-55yrs, stage of maturity in which we need to be actively involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.
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| Marcia’s research | alienated achievement, moratorium, identity achievement
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| Identity achievement | adolescents who are committed to occupational & ideological choices; developed a strong ego identity; correlated highly w/ self-esteem, positive forms of coping, psychological well-being, & stronger sense of self
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| Moratorium (Marcia) | people who are still undergoing their identity crisis; occupational and ideological commitments are vague; behavior ranges from indecisive to active an creative; score high in anxiety
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| Foreclosure | adolescents who have not yet experienced an identity crisis but who express commitment to an occupation and an ideology; commitments often have been determined for them by their parents and do not result from choice
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| Identity diffusion | characterizes people who have no occupational or ideological commitments in adolescence and who may not have experienced an identity crisis; drifters
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| Alienated achievement | Adolescents who have experienced an identity crisis, have no occupational goal, and cling to beliefs that are critical of the social and economic system
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| Correlates of Generativity | in middle age is positively correlated with power and with intimacy motivation; evokes the needs to feel close to others and to feel strong in relation to them
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| Identity crisis | erikson suggests that identity crisis began around 12 and was resolved one way or another by age 18. However some people’s identity crisis might occur later.
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| Functional autonomy of motives | the idea that motives in the normal, mature adult are independent of the childhood experiences in which they originally appeared
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| Perseverative functional autonomy | the level of functional autonomy that relates to low level and routine behaviors
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| Propriate functional autonomy | the level of functional autonomy that relates to our values, self-image, and lifestyle; motives unique to each individual
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| Proprium | allport’s term for the ego or self
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