AP HUG
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| Urban | city
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| Site | absolute location
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| situation | relative location in reference to surrounding features
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| streetcar suburb | settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines
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| redevelopment | a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
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| metropolis | A large and densely populated city
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| metropolitan statistical area | a region with at least one urbanized area as its core (in the US)
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| Micropolitan statistical area | a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its core
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| suburb | a populated area on the outskirts of a city
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| Urbanization rate | The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities
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| metacities | regional population over 20 million
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| megacities | regional population over 10 million
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| suburbanization | The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
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| sprawl | The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
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| automobile cities | cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
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| decentralize | in urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
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| edge city | nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities; “mini downtowns”, usually have tall buildings, concentrated retail, & few residences & are located near the convergence of major transportation routes
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| Boomburb | More than 100,000 residents that is not a core city: a suburb that has become a city because it got so big
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| infill development | the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already–developed areas
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| exurb | A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well–to–do families
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| world city | a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city)
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| gated community | privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or gate surrounding it
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| Urban hierarchy | a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top
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| rank–size rule | The population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy\n(City A– top; city B= 1/2A; City C= 1/3 A; City D= 1/4 A, etc)
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| Primate city | one city is much larger than any other city in the country and dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life
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| Central Place Theory | model developed by Christaller, explains why cities are located where they are
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| Threshold | The number of people required to support a business (in central place theory)
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| Range | The distance people will travel to acquire a good (in central place theory)
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| Gravity Model | The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other
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| Concentric Zone Model/ Burgess Model |
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| Hoyt Sector Model |
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| Multiple–Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman) |
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| Galactic City Model (Peripheral model) |
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| Urban Bid Rent Theory |
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| Latin American city Model |
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| Southeast Asian City Model |
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| Gentrification | The displacement of lower–income residents by higher–income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
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| Sub–Saharan Africa City Model |
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| Zoning regulations | laws that dictate how land can be used
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| fiscal squeeze | When city revenue cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services on decaying urban infrastructure
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| Built environment | human–made space in which people live, work, etc.
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| smart growth | policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
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| compact design | Development that grows up rather than out
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| diverse housing options | policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families at all life stages and income levels within a neighborhood
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| Mixed land use | interspersal of different types of development in a neighborhood (residential, business, entertainment, etc)
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| New Urbanism | an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European–style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types within walking distance to shopping, jobs, and public transportation
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| greenbelt | a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
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| slow–growth cities | a city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally (decrease sprawl)
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| Redlining | practice of identifying high risk neighborhoods and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in these areas.
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| Blockbusting | a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners to sell their homes by convincing them that the property values are decreasing because of black families moving in
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| white flight | The mass movement of white, middle class, people from the city to the suburbs
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| Environmental racism | When residential areas of low–income people of color are used for high contamination projects (like dumps, sewage, highways)
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| squatter settlements | temporary and illegal housing
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| Inclusionary zoning (IZ) | City planning that requires a certain amount of new construction to be affordable for people with low incomes
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| exclusionary zoning | Zoning that attempts to keep low & moderate income people out of a neighborhood
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| NIMBYs | not in my backyard: people who try to stop affordable housing in their neighborhood
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| urban renewal | large–scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtowns
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| fiscal imbalance | when a government spends more than it receives in taxes
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| fiscal zoning | The practice of using local land–use regulation to preserve the local property tax base
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| urban heat island | a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits in a city
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| urban footprint | The spatial extent of an urban area's impact on the natural environment
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| urban risk divide | the idea that natural disasters become an urban phenomenon as more people live in cities
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| Brownfields | Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the presences of hazardous substances or pollutants
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