States of Consciousness
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| consciousness | our awareness of various cognitive processes, such as sleeping, dreaming, concentrating, and making decisions
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| waking consciousness | mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert
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| altered state of consciousness | mental state that differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness
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| daydreams | apparently effortless shifts in attention away from the here-and-now into a private world of make-believe
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| REM (paradoxical) sleep | sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and increased dreaming
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| non-REM (NREM) sleep | non-rapid-eye-movement stages of sleep that alternate with REM stages during the sleep cycle
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| insomnia | sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night
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| apnea | sleep disorder characterized by breathing difficulty during the night and feelings of exhaustion during the day
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| narcolepsy | hereditary sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and sudden loff of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement
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| dreams | vivid visual and auditory experiences that oddur primarily during REM periods of sleep
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| psychoactive drugs | chemical substances that change moods and perceptions
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| substance abuse | a pattern of drug use that diminishes the ability to fulfill responsibilities at home or at work or school, that results in repeated use of a drug in dangerous situations, or that leads to legal difficulties related to drug use
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| substance dependence | a pattern of compulsive drug taking that results in tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or other specific symptoms for at least a year
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| tolerance | phenomenon whereby higher doeses of a drug are required to produce its original effects or to prevent withdrawal symptoms
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| withdrawal symptoms | unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance
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| depressants | chemicals that slow down behavior or cognitive processes
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| alcohol | depressant that is the intoxicating ingredient in whickey, beer, wine, and other fermented or distilled liquors
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| barbiturates | potentially deadly depresssants, first used for their sedative and anticonvulsant properties, now used only to treat such conditions as epilepsy and arthritis
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| opiates | drugs, such as opium and heroin, derived from the opium poppy, that dull the senses and induce feelings of euphoria, well-being, and relaxation; synthetic drugs resembling opium derivatives are also classified as opiates
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| stimulants | drugs, including amphetamines and cocaine , that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy
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| amphetamines | stimulant drugs that initially produce "rushes" of euphoria often followed by sudden "crashes" and, sometimes, severe depression
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| cocaine | drug derived from the coca plant that, while producing a sense of euphoria by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, also leads to anxiety, depression, and addictive cravings
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| hallucinogens | any of a number of drugs, such as LSD and mescaline, that sitort visual and auditory perception
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| lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | hallucinogenic or "psychedelic" drug that produces hallucinations and delusions similar to those occuring in a psychotic state
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| marijuana | a mild hallucinogen that produces a "high" often characterized by feelings of euphoria, a sense of well-being, and swings in mood from gaeity to relaxation; may also cause feelings of anxiety and paranoia
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| meditation | any of the various methods of concentration, reflection, or focusing of thoughts undertaken to suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system
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| hypnosis | trancelike state in which a person responds readily to suggestions
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