Ultrasound
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| First Italian Physicist to document use of waves by analyzing navigation of flying bats in the dark | Lazaro Spallanzani
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| What year Lazaro Spallanzi document the waves from flying bats | 1794
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| He created an apparatus that produces sound waves of frequency of 40 Hz | Francis Galton
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| What year Francis Galton created an apparatus | 1880
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| They noted that electricity maybe created by Piezoelectric Effect | Jacques and Pierre Curie
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| They discovered the inverse piezoelectric effect | Jacques and Pierre Curie
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| He discovered motion of the internal parts of bodies by the sound they make | Robert Hooke
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| He registered a patent for iceberg detection and in what year | Lewis Fry Richard Soon, 1913
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| They invented Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) and in what year | Paul Langevin and Constantin Chilowski, 1915
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| He developed sonar | Robert Boyle
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| Type of ultrasound that is use for treatment | Therapeutic US
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| He created a system in which the receiver was a separate device collecting the waves in 1941 | Donald Sproule-
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| He received a recognition for the Reflectoscope | Floyd Firestone-
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| He introduced hyperphonography | Karl and Friederick Dussik-
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| Noted for developing the 1st application of ultrasound to the human body | George Ludwick
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| He detected heart motions with a flaw detector and later called ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY in 1953 | Professor C. H. Hertz
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| The first real-time mechanical commercial scanner in 1965 | VIDOSON
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| Who designed VIDOSON | Richard Soldner
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| A phased array system in 1983 | HEWLETT PACKARD 70020A
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| He incorporated US into OB/GYN in 1958 | Ian MacDonald
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| They designed pulsed doppler US Tech in 1966 | Don Baker, Dennis Watkins, and John Reid
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| Color Doppler Sound Intruments in what year | 1970
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| He developed 3-D US captured images of fetus in 1980 | Kazunori Baba
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| A test that uses US waves to capture images in the Body | US
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| Travels in straight line through air or medium that can be heard | Sound
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| Bumping of particles creates what | Sound waves
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| It is a local oscillation in a medium that transfers energy through medium | Mechanical Wave
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| Height of the wave's crest which determines its loudness | Amplitude
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| A region in a sound wave where particles have been pushed together making the densest part of the wave | Compression
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| The number of waves produced in a given period of time | Frequency
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| The intensity of the pressure wave resulting in the level of intensity perceived by someone | Loudness
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| Describes the perceived highness or lowness of a sound wave | Pitch
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| The region in the sound wave where the particles have been spread out and are the least dense part of the wave | Rarefaction
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| The measurement of a sound wave from compression to compression | Wavelength
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| Frequency of an US wave | > 20 000 Hz (20 KHz)
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| Active elements found in US Transducers | Piezoelectrics
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| The ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress | Piezoelectric Effect
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| Piezein and piezo means what | Piezein = Squeez or Press
Piezo = Push
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| Less resolution but deeper penetration | Lower Frequencies
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| Short wavelength but greater resolution | Higher Frequencies
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| mHz for kidney and liver | 1-6 mHz
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| mHz for muscles and tendons | 7-18 mHz
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| Amplification is done by what | TGC - Time Gain Compensation Amplifier
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| The decreasing of intensity of a sound wave | Attenuation
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| The results of sound wave interaction with tissues | Divergence
Interference
Scatter
Diffraction
Absorption
Reflection
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| Echoes are large, smooth surface and sound is reflected in a singular direction (Bones) | Specular Reflector
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| Small echoes, irregular shape and reflection returns in various directions (Soft Tissues) | Diffuse Reflector
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| Refers to the propagation of incident sound waves in oblique directions | Scatter
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| Occurs at interfaces involving structures of small dimensions | Rayleigh Scattering
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| When the sound wave is greater than the structure it comes in contact with, it creates a uniform amplitude in all directions with little or no reflection returning to the transducer | True
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| Most of the acoustic energy is reflected - impossible to see deeper | Gas or Solids
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| Why lungs can't be examined by US | because of the presence of Air
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| Imaging through an adult skull or other bones is possible | False, not.
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| Attenuation is a combined effects of... | Absorption, Scattering, and Reflection
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| The higher the angle of incidence, the lesser sound scattering | True
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| Bending of waves can cause artifacts like spatial distortion and lesser resolution | True
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| Absorption of US wave in fluids is a result of frictional forces that oppose the motion of particles in medium | True
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| Physical property of tissues and describes how much resistance US beam encounters | Acoustic Impedance
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| Density and speed is directly proportional to acoustic impedance | True
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| Impedance is defined as | Z = pv
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| Z P V stands for | Z = Acoustic Impedance
P = Density of medium
V = Speed of sound
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| Found in the body where sound wave travels the fastest | Bone - 4080 m/s
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| Found in the body where sound wave travels the slowest | Air - 330 m/s
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| Ratio of intensity of reflected wave relative to incident wave | Intensity Reflection Coefficient
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| The greater the difference in acoustic impedance between the media the greater the reflection and smaller the transmission | TRUE
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| Reflection Fraction Formula | RF = [ ( Z2 - Z1 ) / ( Z2 + Z1 ) ] ^2
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| A method of describing the reflecting echoes | Echogenicity
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| Darker and less reflection | Hypoechoic - Muscles, Blood Vessels
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| Brighter and more reflection | Hyperechoic - Bones, Cartilage
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| Total Black and no echoes | Anechoic - Air, Fluids
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| Equal | Isoechoic
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| Basic Components of a US | Pulser - Trasnducer - Receiver
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| It applies high amplitude voltage to energize crystals | Pulser
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| Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy | Transducer
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| Detects and amplifies signals | Receiver
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| A type of transducer that is propagated in linear fashion and is parallel to transducer surface | Linear
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| It increases field of view and is ideal for deeper structures | Curvilinear
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| Ultrasound Machine consists of what | Transducer Probe, a central processing unit (CPU), a monitor, a keyboard with control knobs, disk storage devices, a printer and so on
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| A fluid medium needed to provide a link between transducer surface of the patient | Acoustic Coupling Agent
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| Not a good coupling agent because it evaporates rapidly | Water
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| Not a good coupling agent because it dissolves the rubber | Oil
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| Best Acoustic Coupling Agent | Water Soluble Gel
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| Most Essential Component in US | Transducer Probe
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| Piezoelectric effect is also known as | Pressure electric effect
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| The transducer head has a | Footprint
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| Can be a notch, a dot or a light on the probe’s head and use for orientation | Probe Marker
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| Probe that is not good for curve structures but good near field resolution | Linear Probe
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| Produces a fan like image and increase width in deeper penetration but poor near field resolution | Sector/Phased Array
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| The frequency ranges 2 to 7 MHz and perfect for abdominal scanning | Curvilinear
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| Has a small footprint with a Hz range of 5-12 MHz. Designed to fit in encocavitary spaces | Transvaginal/Endocavity
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| Controls the strength of electrical voltage | Power/Output Control
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| Allows to increase and decrease field of view | Depth
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| Adjusts overall brightness | Gain
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| Allows adjustment of brightness at a specific depth of image | TGC
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| it is placed at the depth of interest | Focal Zones
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| Allows image to be held frozen | Freeze
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| Used for moving objects on monitor | Trackball
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| Allows magnification | Zoom
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| Mode of scanning or known as Brightness Mode and use to get back to grey scale imaging from color Doppler and/or Pulsed Wave Doppler | 2D Knob - B mode
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| Displayed as Measure or Cal(Calculation) on the ultrasound console | Measurement
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| Simplest form of US imaging Based on Echo Principle 1D information | A-mode or Amplifier Mode
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| If watched in a rapid sequence, they become real time images | B-mode
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| Appears in the lower half of the screen | Spectral Doppler or Pulsed Wave Doppler
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| Can be moved by operator and placed within a vessel as imaged by color doppler | Spectral Doppler or Pulsed Wave Doppler
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| Cursor line appears on the upper section of the image. Primarily to document motion | M mode or Motion mode
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| BART | Blue Away Red Towards
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| Uses a color map to display information based on frequency | Color Flow Doppler
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| Uses a color map to show distribution of power or amplitude | Power Doppler
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| What activates color flow | Color flow knob
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| Ultrasound is continuous and measures high velocities | Continuous wave doppler unit
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| Measure the speed of blood in a vessel | Pulsed Wave Doppler
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| The change of frequency of refection by a moving surface | The Doppler Effect
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