Organisation of the Body
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| Function of the pituitary | show 🗑
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| Location of the pituitary | show 🗑
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| Pituitary fossa | show 🗑
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| show | Hormonal effects - hormone secreting tumours effects depend on cell type - present as over excretion of the hormone
Mechanical effects - affect vision as tumour presses on optic chiasm - affects peripheral vision field leading to tunnel vision
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| Development of the pituitary | show 🗑
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| Posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| Anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| What hormones does the pituitary release | show 🗑
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| show | Five endocrine cell types each secrete different trophic hormones
Cell types can be differentiated by antibody labelling and cell structure of tumours
Non-secretory supporting call types = Folliculo-stellates
These support the cells
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| Anterior pituitary vasculature | show 🗑
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| Ultrastructure of anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | Short feed back loop - anterior pituitary inhibits hypothalamus e.g. GH and PRL
Long feedback loop - endocrine gland inhibits both anterior pituitary and hypothalamus e.g. cortisol, IGF and testosterone
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| show | Formed by axons and terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons
Secretes peptide hormones ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
Nuclei present are of glia cells - control nutrient environment
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| Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis | show 🗑
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| ACTH | show 🗑
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| show | Stress e.g. infection, pain etc stimulates hypothalamus to secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary corticotroph cells release ACTH
Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
Long feedback loop
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| Diurnal rhythm of plasma ACTH and cortisol | show 🗑
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| show | Excess ACTH from adenoma and in turn excess cortisol - Cushing's syndrome
Deficiency of ACTH in turn cortisol deficient - adrenal insufficiency - treat with replacement cortisol
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| show | Used for reproduction
Women - act in ovary via GPCR - FSH for follicle development and LH for ovulation and progesterone production
Male - act in testes - LH for testosterone production and FSH for sperm production
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| Pathology of Gonadotrophins | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary gonadotroph cells release LH and FSH
Ovary - oestrogen and progesterone
Testes - testosterone
Released in pulses every 90 mins
Cyclical release in menstrual cycle
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| show | Suckling inhibits dopamine release from hypothalamus
Dopamine usually inhibits prolactin release, so this allows anterior pituitary lactotroph cells to release prolactin
This triggers breast growth and milk production as well as causing infertility
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| show | Only pituitary hormone whose principle control is inhibitory
PRL production is stimulated by estrogen during pregnancy
Dopamine agonists e.g. bromocryptine suppress lactation
Pathology - prolactinomas hyper secrete PRL - cause infertility
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| Control of growth hormone | show 🗑
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| show | Inactivating mutation in GHRH receptor - dwarfism
No response to GHRH due to a single AA change in the GPCR
Gigantism due to excess GH secretion
Short stature if lack GH
Only if occurs before epiphyseal plate fusion
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| Acromegaly | show 🗑
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| show | Neural stimulus depolarises neuron
AP down axon
Ca influx
Exocytosis
E.g. osmoreceptor cells outside BBB sense increased osmolarity and depolarise ADH neurons
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| Action of ADH | show 🗑
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| show | Disorder of insufficient ADH production
Hypothalamic - lack of ADH production by posterior pituitary
Renal - Kidney fails to respond to ADH
Characterised by production of large amounts of very dilute urine resulting in dehydration and polydipsia
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| Actions of oxytocin | show 🗑
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| show | Stretch of cervix/vagina at parturition
Sucking - nipple stimulation causes milk ejection reflex
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| show | Deficit may cause prolonged labour
Knockout mice labour normally but no milk ejection and impaired social recognition
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| Endocrine disrupting chemicals | show 🗑
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