APHG Chapter 6.12
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| Religion | rooted in cultures that developed with the first cultural hearths
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| monotheism | belief in one god
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| polytheism | belief in many gods
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| ethnic religions | religions that associated with one particular society and place
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| universalizing religions | religions that purport to be relevant to all people regardless of
ethnicity or place; generally break away from ethnic religions
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| Judaism | from ancient Hebrews religion about 1000 BCE, eastern Mediterranean in 1200’s BCE (Israel/ Judah/Palestine), Torah first five books of Christian Bible in 500’s BCE, belief in covenant with Yahweh, belief they're chosen people of Israel, belief in a histor
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| Confucianism | founded on the ethical teachings of Kung Fuzi in 500’s
- stressed filial piety - son’s respect for this father and authority; education, civility
- while ethical teachings, has greatly informed Chinese spiritual beliefs and traditions
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| Daoism | developed from Laozi’s (mythical?) teachings in the Tao Te Ching
- stressed harmony with nature, reflection and humility; Yin and Yang balance
- complementary with Confucianism in Chinese daily life; folk festivals
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| Shintoism | developed as distinct ethnic religion of Japan, polytheistic but with elements of animism (kami; torii gate); rituals (tea ceremony), importance of ancestors; sacredness of Japan, state religion of Japan at times; blended with Buddhism in practice
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| Hinduism | developed in 1,500s BCE with Indo-European migration, freedom to worship the god or gods as one pleases, devotional religion common, unity less in doctrine than festivals, community, daily puja rituals, belief in karma, reincarnation, moral duty
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| polytheistic | thousands of gods
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| monotheistic | only one god
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| sacred books | the Vedas - 1,500 BCE - hymns and myths of the ancient Aryans
- the Upanishads - philosophical mystical texts - 500’s BCE - 500’s CE
- the Bhagavad Gita - short, popular treatise on paths of practicing Hinduism
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| calendar | strong participation in sacred festivals (Holi) and marriages
- popular performances of epics The Mahabharata and The Ramayana
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| sacred geography | cities, temples, and natural features held sacred
- Ganges River regarded as the most revered in the world
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| distribution today of hindus | 13% of world population is Hindu; almost 1 billion
- almost all located in India; diffusion to Bali; relocation to Britain and U.S.
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| Bhuddism | Siddhartha Gautama; Hindu prince in modern day Nepal, sought relief and became the Buddha, learned how to break the cycle of reincarnation, began spreading as Indian Emperor Ashoka sent missionaries, India no longer has a significant Buddhist presence
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| Four Noble Truths | 1. All life is suffering; 2. Suffering is caused by attachment;
3. One must give up attachment in order to break from suffering;
4. The means to break away from attachment is the Eightfold Path.
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| The Eightfold Path | nonviolence, nonattachment to material things, meditation
- religion split away from Hinduism in 500’s BCE (as did nonviolent Jainism later)
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| branches - Theravada, Mahayana, Tantrayana(Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism) | - “original” strong role of monks, monasteries and meditation, focus on escape from reincarnation, Southeast Asia; “popular”, ways people can practice, prayer, ideas of heaven, many Buddhas strong in E. Asia; focuses on ritual, monasteries
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| distribution | 400 million adherents*
- Mahayana - 56% - China, Japan, Korea
- Theravada - 38% (SE Asia) - Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand
- Tantrayana - 6% - Tibet, Mongolia
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| Sikhism | 3 million - all but 3 million in Punjab region of India, developed in the 1500’s C.E. with influences from Hinduism and Islam, founded by Guru Nanak; devotion to God, bravery and code of morality, long hair and beards on men; turbans; gurdwaras temples
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| origins of sikhism | founded by Muhammad in the early 600’s CE in the Arabian peninsula
- believed to have heard revelation from God on the proper life and sharia - Islamic law
- breaks from Judaism; includes influences from Christianity
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| holy book of sikhism | the Qur’an (or Koran)- stresses monotheism, Muhammad as prophet
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| Five Pillars of Islam | 1. Statement of Faith; 2. Prayer five times a day; 3. Charity;
4. Fasting during Ramadan; 5. Hajj to Mecca (Makkah)
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| four Caliphs | succeeded Muhammad after he died; community split into Sunni and Shi’a; Shi’a (Shiites) - 16% today - live in Iran (dominant there) and some in Iraq; Sunni - 83% of Muslims today, two Caliphates and the Ottoman Empire followed
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| diffusion of islam | Islam conquered from the Iberian Peninsula to India by 750 C.E.
- by trade if diffused through sub-Saharan Africa and to Southeast Asia
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| landscape | holiest city and destination of the hajj is Makkah (Mecca)
- role of the Ka’aba; association of Abraham
- second holiest city - Medina - where Islam was first adopted
- third holiest city - Jerusalem; the Dome of the Rock - and its significance
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| calendar | fasting during the month of Ramadan
- the hajj during a specified time of year
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| Christianity | founded by Jesus in first century C.E. in Judea; he is God himself; split from Judaism into a religion; emphasized compassion, radical nonviolence and poverty; early gospels, Church councils, and letters influenced the Bible; religion of the Roman Empire
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| distribution of christianity | 2 billion adherents: Americas, Europe, Australia; countries with a Christian majority in sub-Saharan Africa; the Pope and hierarchy; ritual and good works; strong rivalry with Protestantism in many European countries (Ireland)
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| Orthodox Church | 11% (40% of these belong to Russian Orthodox Church)
- arguably as old as Catholic Church with a history of rivalry
- Great Schism in 1054 C.E. moved them apart
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| Baptists in the South | U.S. developed its own distinctive Baptist Christianity in 17-1800’s from European Protestant, origins in small towns and rural areas, appealed to many African Americans, little overall hierarchy (Bible based), lack of net in-migration
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| Catholics in the northeast and southwest | strong role of Catholicism among Irish immigrants in the 1840’s and 1850’s, potato famine brought many more religious rural Irish immigrants, strong role of Latin American migration to Florida, the Southwest and West
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| Lutherans in the Midwest | German migration to the U.S. in 1840’s and 1850’s, Scandinavian migration in the 1870’s and 1880’s, recruited by railroad companies and state governments to settle in midwest, chain migration from then on, Lutheranism, independent churches (Bible based)
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| branches of christianity | catholic, protestant, lutheran, baptist, orthodox
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