Biology Evolution and Tree of Life Vocabulary for Prentice Hall Biology Textbook
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| Domain | most inclusive taxonomy category: larger than a kingdom
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| Taxon | level of orgnization into which animals are classified
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| Binomial nomenclature | two name in Latin system
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| Taxonomy | the study of classifiying organisms
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| Eukaryote | cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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| Prokaryote | cell without the stuff of a eukaryote
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| KPCOFGS | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| Dichotomous key | set of instructions to classify something, like in the magazine quizzes
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| Classification | organizing organisms into categories
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| Protista | The protist kingdom
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| Fungi | The Fungi kingdom
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| Animalea | The animal kingdom
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| Plantae | The plant kingdom
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| Eubacteria | kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan
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| Archaebacteria | kindgom of unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan
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| Bacilus | rod
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| Coccus | spheriacl prokaryote
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| Spirilium | spiral prokaryote
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| Chemoheterotroph | organism that must take in organic molecules for energy and carbon
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| Photoheterotroph | organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source
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| Photoautotrpoh | organism that is photosynthetic and and converts Co2 nd water into carbon compounds
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| Chemoautotrpoh | an organism that uses chemical reaction for energy to create organic carbon molecules
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| Obligate Aerobe | An organism that requires constant oxygen to survive
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| Obligate Anaerobe | an organism that does not need constant oxygen to survive
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| Faculttive Anaerobe | organismt hat can survive with or without oxygen
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| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction in which a cell splits into two identical daughter cells
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| Nitrogen Fixation | converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| Dinoflagellates |
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| Diatoms |
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| Spore | haploid reproductive cell
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| Hypha | tiny filament that makes up a fungi or mold
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| Chitin | carb that makes up a fungi cell wall and anthropod exoskeleton
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| Mycelium | many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass with is a fungi
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| Bryophyte | non vascular plant
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| Xylem | Vascular plant tissue that carries water throughout the body
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| Phloem | Vacular plant tissue responsible for carrying nutrients and carbs through the body
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| Gymnosperms | seed plant that uses cones
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| Angiosperms | seed plant that bears seed directly in protective tissue
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| Taproot | one long palnt root extending downwards
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| Fibrous root | tangle of root fibres that extend in all directions
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| Sepal | outermost circle of flower parts that protect the bud while developing
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| Petal | brightly colored structure inside sepals that attracts pollinators
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| Stamen | male part of flower
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| Anther | flower stucture that produces male stuff is produced
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| Carpel | innermost part of flower that produces female stuff
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| Ovary | flwoer structure that contains ovules
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| Compound flower | Flower made up of many tiny ones, like a sunflower
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| Fruit | wall of tissue surrounding seed
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| Dormancy | “sleeping” a period of no growth or development
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| Invertebrate | animals without a backbone
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| Vertebrate | animal with a backbone
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| Feedback inhibition |
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| Radial symmetry | when any two opposite sides of the animal are symmetrical
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| Billateral symmetry | when you can cut the animal in half and the two sides will be symmetrical
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| Cephalizaiton | when most sensory organs are in one place, like a head
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| Exoskeleton | hard shell on most inverterbrates
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| Endoskeleton | inner skeleton
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| Open circulatory system | system in which most blood flows through tissue
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| Closed Circulaotry system | system in which most blood flows through closed circulatory system
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| Coelem | fluid filled body cavity
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| Endotherm | animal that controls its own body heat from within
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| Ectotherm | animal that uses its environment to maintain body temperature
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| Mollusks | soft bodied animals with internal or external shells
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| Cephalothorax | the location on an arthropod where the heads meets the thorax
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| Foot | one large muscle used for movement in mollusks
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| Anus | place where excrements come out form
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| Mantle | thin layer of tissue covering a mollusks body
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| Radula | tong shaped structure used for feeding by some mollusks
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| Visceral Mass | ara beneath mollusks’ mantle containing organs
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| Cephalopods | head on foot
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| Molting | shedding a shell or external layer
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| Arthropods | invertebrates with segmented bodies, joint appendages, and tough bodies
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| Chordate | animal with a spinal chord
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| Notochord | central nervous chord running down the back
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| Vertebra | parts of the backbone, we have 33
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| Placental | sac in which fetuses will develop
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| Pheromone | specific chemical messenger that can affect behavior or devlopement within species
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| Adaptive radiation | when animals become more different through natural selection,
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| Mammary glands | glands producing milk in animals used to feed young
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| Alveolus | tiny air sac at the end of lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange (CO2 to Oxygen, for example)
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| Telson | the last segment on an arthropod's body
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| Three Domains | Eukarya, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
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| Evolution | Theory that organisms change over time through natural selection
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| Theory | A well supported body of evidence
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| Hypothesis | A proposed scientific explanation for any phenomena
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| Fossil | Preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
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| Artificial Selection | When humans favor one trait over another and it becomes more common in a population
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| NAtural Selection | When an adaptation that best suits an animal to its environment becomes most common in a population through that organism's reproductive success
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| Selection pressures | any factors in an environment that might lead to certain adaptations being more adapt
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| Fitness | an organism's level of aptitude to survive its environment
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| Adaptation | Any mutation that suits an organism to its environment
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| Variation | A difference between two or more organisms that may make one better suited for survival than the other
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| Homologous Structure | structures amongst organisms that look similar in embryonic stage, but are different when matures
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| Biogeography |
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| Embryology | the study of organism whilst in embryonic stages
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| Paleontology | the study of fossils
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| Transitional Fossils | fossils used to show a link between two fossils
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| Vestigial Organs | organs that have shrunk because of continued disuse
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| Gene pool | the collection of all the alleles in any given population
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| Allele frequency | The frequency of a certain allele in a gene pool
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| Polygenic traits | traits that depend on more than one trait
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| Single gene trait | traits that depend on only one gene
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| Genetic drift | when, for no true reason, a certain trait becomes more pronounced than another with no true reason
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| Directional Selection | when organisms at one end of the curve are more fit than those at the other, so most of the population is of that one kind, that one extreme
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| Stabilizing Selection | when organisms at the middle of the curve, the average, are more likely to survive
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| Disruptive selection | when organisms at either ends of the curves are more likely to survive, and there are no averages
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| Speciation | the process by which one species can split into two
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| Reproductive isolation | when two different members of a species become isolated because they do not reproduce together, then they evolve individually, into different species
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| Behavioral Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of different mating behaviors
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| Geographic Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of a separating geographic element, like a lake or desert
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| Temporal Isolation | when organisms do not mate because of different mating times or seasons
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| Founder effect | when a random group of members of a population founds a new population, where their traits are more pronounced, not because of natural selection
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| Extinction | when no members of a species exist alive any more
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| Genetic Markers | gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid foreign DNA, and those that do not
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| Acclimatization | when a species becomes better acclimatized to their environment
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| Acquired Characteristics | characteristics a population acquires through natural or artificial selection
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| Mutation | a random change in an organism’s genetic makeup
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| Bipedalism | walking on two feet
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| Binocular vision | seeing out of two eyes
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| Hominid | primate that walks upright, with apposabel thumbs, with large brains, the only living members are humans
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| Relative time | dating something in relation to something else
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| Absolute time | dating something with a true date
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| Half life | the time it takes for half or the remaining radioactive isotope in any place to decay
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| Index Fossil | a fossil used to date another, it must be widespread and recognizable
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| Geologic Time scale | scale used to represent evolutionary time
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | the theory that eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes
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| Viviparous | Animals that bear live young nourished directly from the mother
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| Oviparous | Animals whose egges hatch outside the mother's body
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| Ovoviviparous | animals whose eggs hatch inside the mother after developing
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