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Human Geo. Vocab.

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Term
Definition
show the cardinal directions north, south, east, and west  
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show distance that can be measured using a standard unit of length  
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show the exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude  
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acculturation   show
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show a person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization  
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show to manage the way borders are maintained and how goods and people cross them  
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show a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings  
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agglomeration   show
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agribusinesses   show
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agricultural biodiversity   show
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agricultural density   show
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agricultural hearth   show
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agricultural landscape   show
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agriculture   show
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show an ecosystem modified for agricultural use  
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show a border established before an area becomes heavily settled  
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antinatalist   show
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show layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water  
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show land that can be used to grow crops  
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show the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density  
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artifact   show
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assimilation   show
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asylum   show
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show having the authority to govern territories independently of the national government; for example, by having a separate currency  
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show a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined  
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show the variety of organisms living in a location  
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show the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests  
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blockbusting   show
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boomburb   show
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show the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another — often richer — country  
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show location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further  
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brownfield   show
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show the oldest universalizing religion, which arose from a hearth in northeastern India sometime between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries B.C.E. and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha  
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bulk-gaining industry   show
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show industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods  
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show the maximum population size an environment can sustain  
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show a person who creates maps  
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show a crop produced mainly to be sold and usually exported to larger markets  
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show an official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state  
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show the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services  
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central place theory   show
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show a force that divides a group of people  
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show a force that unites a group of people  
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show type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there  
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show a narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass  
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show a universalizing religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ that began in what is now the West Bank and Israel around the beginning of the common era and has spread to all continents  
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circular migration   show
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circulation   show
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show the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area  
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climate region   show
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show a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement  
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show a culture in which people are expected to confirm to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members  
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show the practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories  
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show the exchange of goods, and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492  
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commercial agriculture   show
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show a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product  
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show an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60 percent of a country's exports and economic health are tied to one or two resources  
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show the relative cost advantage a country or organization has to produce certain goods or services for trade  
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complementarity   show
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show a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business districts in a series of concentric rings  
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concurrent   show
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show the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power  
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show classification of a country or region that has wealth, higher education levels, more advanced technologies, many resources, strong militaries, and powerful allies  
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cottage industry   show
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show the blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either original language  
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show the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil  
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show the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population  
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show the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population  
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show the act of adopting elements of another culture  
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cultural convergence   show
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show the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers  
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show an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse  
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show a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values  
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show a shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people  
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cultural relativism   show
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cultural trait   show
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culture   show
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show agreement between a bank and a peripheral country in which the bank forgives a portion of the country's debt in exchange for local investment in conservation measures  
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de facto segregation   show
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show to explicitly state in legally binding documentation such as a treaty where boundaries are located, using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude and longitude  
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deforestation   show
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deindustrialization   show
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show to draw boundaries on a map, in accordance with a legal agreement  
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demarcate   show
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show data about the structures and characteristics of human populations  
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show a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate  
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show a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations  
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show the number of things — people, animals, or objects — in a specific area  
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dependency ratio   show
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show a theory that describes the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have with richer countries  
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desertification   show
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show the process that occurs when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders  
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show a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling  
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diffusion   show
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disamenity zone   show
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show spread out  
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dispersed settlement   show
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show a principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have  
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distribute   show
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domestication   show
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show the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double  
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show an economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand  
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show economies with two distinct distributions of economic activity across the economic sectors  
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ecological footprint   show
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show the relationships between living things and their environments  
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economic sectors   show
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economies of scale   show
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show a form of tourism based on the enjoyment of natural areas that minimizes the impact to the environment  
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edge city   show
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electoral college   show
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emigration   show
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eminent domain   show
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enclosure system   show
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show the idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment  
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environmental injustice   show
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show a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death  
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ethnic cleansing   show
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show the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics  
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show a cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin  
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ethnic religion   show
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show the process by which people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state  
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ethnocentrism   show
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show the process by which the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religious belief, and language, creating a sense of pride and identity that is tied to the territory; also called ethnic nationalism  
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show an area that extends 200 nautical miles from a state's coast; a state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its particular one  
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expansion diffusion   show
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show an area within a country that is subject to more favorable regulations (usually including the elimination of tariffs) to encourage foreign investment and the manufacturing of goods for export  
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show an agricultural practices with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs  
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exurb   show
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show a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions  
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show a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses  
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show the organization of a state in which power is shared between the federal government and its internal regional units  
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Fertile Crescent   show
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show the ability to produce children  
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show the process of neighborhood change in which housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down the income scale to lower-income groups  
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first agricultural revolution   show
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show movement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects on societies  
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show area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away  
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show the disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food  
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show reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle  
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foragers   show
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show type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors  
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show a highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production; named after Henry Ford  
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show an area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region  
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formal sector   show
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free trade zone (FTZ)   show
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show a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve  
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show an area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity  
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galactic city model   show
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show a measure that calculates gender disparity in the three basic dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living  
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gendered space   show
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show an individual's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both, or neither  
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show a measure that calculates inequality based on three categories: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation  
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genetically modified organism (GMO)   show
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show the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences  
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geographic information system (GIS)   show
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geometric boundary   show
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show the drawing of legislative boundaries to give one political party an advantage in elections  
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show the expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale  
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global positioning system (GPS)   show
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global supply chain   show
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gravity model   show
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greenbelt   show
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Green Revolution   show
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)   show
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Gross National Income (GNI) per capita   show
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show the total values of the goods and services produced by a country's citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year  
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show a place of economic activity clustered around one or more high-growth industries that stimulate economic gain by capitalizing on some special asset  
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show a migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor  
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show the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places  
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show an ethnic religion that arose a few thousand years ago in South Asia and is closely tied to India  
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show the processes involved in the improvement of people's freedoms, rights, capabilities, choices, and material conditions  
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show a measure that determines the total development of a country by incorporating 3 key dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, access to education, & standard of living measured by GNI per capita  
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show the study of the processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth  
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show the permanent movement of people from one place to another  
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human trafficking   show
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hybrid   show
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show the ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others  
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show movement to a location  
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show the push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples  
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show law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers  
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industrialization   show
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show a collection of manufacturing facilities in a particular area that is typically found in suburbs and is located close to highways to facilitate movement of raw materials and finished products  
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Industrial Revolution   show
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industry   show
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show the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births  
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show redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas  
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informal sector   show
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infrastructure   show
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intensive agriculture   show
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show person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the county's borders  
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internal migration   show
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show a pattern of production and labor in which different countries are engaged in distinct aspects of production  
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interregional migration   show
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intervening obstacle   show
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show an occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice  
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show movement within one region of the country  
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show attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation  
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Islam   show
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isolate   show
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show the world's first monotheistic religion, which developed among the Hebrew people of Southwest Asia about 4,000 years ago  
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just-in-time delivery   show
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kinship links   show
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show rate that measures an economy's active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age population  
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show long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life  
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show the natural features of Earth's surface  
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show the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land  
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language   show
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language branch   show
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show a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth, or region of origin  
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show languages within a language branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap  
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show a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business districts, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model  
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show industrial location theory proposed by Alfred Weber suggesting that businesses locate their facilities in a particular place because that location minimizes the costs of production  
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life expectancy   show
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show a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route  
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lingua franca   show
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show the position that a point or objects occupies on Earth  
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show an electoral district in which the majority of voters are members of an ethnic or racial minority  
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show the relationship of the size of the map to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface  
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show a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area  
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Mediterranean agriculture   show
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show a city with a population of more than 10 million  
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mental maps   show
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show a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs  
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metacity   show
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show a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city  
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show a very small short-term loan with low interest intended to help people in need  
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mixed crop and livestock systems   show
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mixed-use development (MUD)   show
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mixed-use zoning   show
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mobility   show
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model   show
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show the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally  
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monoculture   show
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mortality   show
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multiculturalism   show
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multinational state   show
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show a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district  
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multiplier effect   show
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show people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country  
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show a cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity — often all four of these  
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show a politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation  
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neocolonialism   show
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neoliberalism   show
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Neo-Malthusian   show
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net migration   show
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New Urbanism   show
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show the focal point of a functional region  
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nomadic herding   show
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offshore outsourcing   show
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show a term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life  
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pattern   show
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show a type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region  
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show classification of a country or region that has less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technologies and also tends to have an unstable government and poor healthcare systems  
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physical geography   show
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show the total number of people per unit of arable land  
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show a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons  
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show a location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics  
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placemaking   show
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show a type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation  
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political geography   show
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popular culture   show
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show the number of people occupying a unit of land  
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population distribution   show
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show a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population  
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possibilism   show
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show system focused on small-scale batch production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market  
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show an economic pattern marked by predominant tertiary sector employment — with a good share of quaternary and quinary jobs  
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postmodern architecture   show
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precision agriculture   show
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show economic sector associated with removing or harvesting products from the earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gas  
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show the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance  
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pronatalist   show
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pull factor   show
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push factor   show
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qualitative   show
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show involving data that can be measured by numbers  
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show economic sector that is a subset of tertiary sector activities that requires workers to process and handle information and environmental technology  
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show economic sector that is a subset of the quaternary sector; involves the very top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and media  
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show limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year  
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show in central place theory, the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service  
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show explanation of size of cities within a country; states that the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on  
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rate of natural increase (RNI)   show
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show any metals, wood or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods  
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reapportionment   show
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redistricting   show
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redlining   show
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show a map that focuses on the location of places  
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refugee   show
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region   show
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regional planning   show
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relative direction   show
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relative distance   show
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relative location   show
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relic   show
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religion   show
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relocation diffusion   show
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remittance   show
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show collecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact  
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repatriate   show
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show artificial lake used to store water  
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safe space   show
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show the process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water  
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show the area of the world being studied  
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second agricultural revolution   show
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show a relatively small group that has separated from an established from an established religious denomination  
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sector model   show
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secularized   show
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self-determination   show
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semiautonomous   show
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semi-periphery   show
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sense of place   show
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sequent occupance   show
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sex ratio   show
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shatterbelt   show
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shifting cultivation   show
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show the newest universalizing religion; founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of northwestern India  
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site   show
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show location of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features  
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show a shortage of people trained in a particular industry  
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show a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are down; often used when clearing land  
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slow-growth city   show
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smart-growth policy   show
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sociofact   show
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show a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business districts, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes  
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show the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders  
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show the area between two or more things  
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show geographic perspective that focuses on how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do  
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special economic zone (SEZ)   show
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show an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting  
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show a model that suggests that all countries can be categorized on a spectrum from traditional to modern and that to become modern, countries need to pass through distinct stages of economic growth and succession  
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show a politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders , and a permanent population; a country  
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show a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state  
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step migration   show
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stimulus diffusion   show
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subsequent boundary   show
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show an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock  
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show the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs  
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suburbs   show
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show a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force  
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supranational organization   show
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sustainability   show
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sustainable development   show
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show process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new  
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show a tax or duty to be paid on a particular import or export  
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temperate climate   show
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terracing   show
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territoriality   show
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tertiary sector   show
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thematic map   show
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show a system of ideas intended to explain certain phenomena  
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third agricultural revolution   show
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show a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)  
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show in central place theory, the number of people needed to support a business  
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show a key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances more quickly and easily  
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topography   show
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show a place name  
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show the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)  
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show an established building style of different cultures, religions, and places  
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show the long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation  
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show zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial  
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transhumance   show
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transnational migration   show
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transportation-oriented development   show
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show an organization of a state in which power is concentrated in a central government  
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show the international agreement that established the structure of maritime boundaries  
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show a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone  
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show a city and its surrounding suburbs  
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show a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand  
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show urban growth and development  
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urban renewal   show
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show areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city  
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vernacular region   show
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show the combining of a company's ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods  
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show type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place  
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von Thünen model   show
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walkability   show
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wetland   show
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women's empowerment   show
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world city   show
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show theory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery  
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zone of abandonment   show
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show the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land uses are permitted  
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show a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits  
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secondary sector   show
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