Gilded Age (1877-1896) -1st half of definitions
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| robber barron | One of the American industrial or financial magnates of the late 19th century who became wealthy by unethical means, such as questionable stock.
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| Cornelius Vanderbilt | He was a railroad tycoon.
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| Andrew Carnegie | He was a steel tycoon. He was a master of “vertical integration.”
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| vertical Integration | This was a business method where a corporation bought out other businesses along its line of production.
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| John D. Rockefeller | He horizontally integrated oil company trusts.
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| horizontal integration | absorption into a single company of several companies involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level.
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| trusts | a business that essentially is a monopoly
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| J.P. Morgan | He was a banker and financier. He orchestrated several blockbuster deals in railroads, insurance, and banking.
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| U.S. Steel Company | J.P. Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie’s steel operation for $400 million, this being part of his plan to consolidate much of the steel industry.
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| James B. Duke | Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.
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| New South | wanted to grow, embrace industry, and eliminate racism and Confederate separatist feelings. Was an attempt to get Northern businessmen to invest in the South.
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| Alexander Graham Bell | He was the inventor of the telephone.
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| Thomas Alva Edison | He was the perfector of the incandescent light bulb, and many other inventions such as the phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, and moving pictures.
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| Roscoe Conkling | He was the leader of a group for Republicans called the Stalwarts. These people loved the spoils system and supported it wherever it was threatened. They were opposed by the Half
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| Stalwart | This was a political machine led by Roscoe Conkling of New York in the late 19th Century. Their goal was to seek power in government. They also supported the spoils system.
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| Half-Breed | It was a Republican political machine, headed by James G. Blaine around 1869. Theypushed Republican ideals and were almost a separate group that existed within the party.
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| James A. Garfield | He was elected 20th president in 1880. He was assassinated, so that the Stalwarts could be in power in the government. This brought about reforms in the spoils systems.
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| Chester A. Arthur | He was the VP of James A. Garfield. After President Garfield was assassinated, in September of 1881, he assumed the presidency. He was chosen to run as vice president, primarily, to gain the Stalwarts’ votes. He was also in favor of civil service reform.
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| Civil Service Reform | the idea that government officials should earn their positions rather than have their jobs given to them. It was supposed to clean up corrupt political machines like Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall who gave government jobs to buddies in exchange for loyalty.
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| Grover Cleveland | 22nd &24th president in 1884 election. He had an illegitimate child. Consequently, the election turned into a mudslinging contest. Cleveland won, becoming the first Democratic president since Buchanan.
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| Interstate Commerce Act | attempt to regulate the railroads. It had only mild success but served as the first time government tried to regulate business for the good of society.
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| Benjamin Harrison | He was called "Young Tippecanoe" because of grandfather had also been a president. He was a Republican and was elected 23rd president in 1888.
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| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | In 1890 A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies and trust, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.
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| Pendleton Act of 1833 | This was what some people called the Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It created a merit system of making appointments to government jobs on the basis of aptitude rather than who-you-know, or the spoils system.
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