Body Structure and Processes - Axial Skeleton PT2 - 7/10/24
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| what is the vertebral foramen? | cavity that houses the spinal cord
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| what does the adjacent foramina create? | spinal column
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| vertebral body? | forms bulk of vertebra and carries the majority of weight
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| where is the vertebral arch located? | posteriorly to the foramen
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| what is the roof of the vertebral arch called? | lamina
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| lamina? | roof of the vertebral arch
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| pedicles? | walls of the vertebral arch
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| what are the walls of the vertebral arch called? | pedicles
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| where are transverse processes? | cervical only
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| describe the transverse processes | protrude laterally from vertebral arch/ pedicles
providing a large SA for muscle attachment
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| spinous process? | protrudes posteriorly from vertebral arch
creates bumps on spine
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| what creates the bumps on the spine? | spinous process
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| superior articular processes? | occurs at junction of pedicles and lamina
each vertebra has 2 superior and two inferior
point of connection between vertebrae
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| where does the articular processes occur? | at junction of pedicles and lamina
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| how many articular processes does each vertebra have? | 2 superior and 2 inferior
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| how many features does the cervical vertebrae have? | 4
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| features of the cervical vertebrae? | oval and concave vertebral body
large vertebral foramen
additional transverse foramina for blood vessels to the brain
spinous process has a v shaped tip
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| what shape is the spinous process in the cervical vertebrae? | v shaped tip
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| shapes of the vertebral body in the cervical vertebrae? | oval and concave
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| describe the size of the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae? | large
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| what is large in the cervical vertebrae? | vertebral foramen
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| what is the additional transverse foramina for? | for blood vessels to the brain
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| C1? | atlas
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| what does C1 do? | articulates with occipital bone
connection facilitates nodding
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| what does the atlas articulate with? | occipital bone
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| what does the occipital bone articulate with? | atlas
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| C2? | axis
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| what does C2 do? | has additional process called a dens which facilitates rotation (head shaking)
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| what is the additional process on axis called? | dens
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| what does the dens facilitate? | rotation (head shaking)
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| what happens inferiorly from T1? | spinal column width decreases
vertebral foramina size decreases
vertebral bodies size increases
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| describe the width in the spinal column and vertebral foramina inferiorly from T1? | decrease
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| describe the vertebral bodies size inferiorly from T1 | increase
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| features of thoracic vertebrae? | heart shaped vertebral body
thin spinous process
costal facets to articulate with ribs
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| describe the shape of the vertebral body in the thoracic vertebrae | heart shaped
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| describe the spinous process in the thoracic vertebrae | thin
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| why does the thoracic vertebrae have costal facets? | to articulate with ribs
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| how does the thoracic vertebrae articulate to ribs? | have costal facets
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| lumbar vertebrae? | support the most weight and operate as shock absorbers
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| which vertebrae acts as shock absorbers and supports the most weight? | lumbar vertebrae
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| features of the lumbar vertebrae? | thick and oval vertebral body
large and thick spinous process
sharp transverse processes
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| describe the vertebral body in the lumbar vertebrae | thick and oval
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| describe the spinous processes in the lumbar vertebrae | large and thick
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| describe the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae | sharp
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| when do sacral crests form? | during fusion
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| functions of the sacrum? | protects reproductive digestive and secretory organs
attaches axial and appendicular skeletons via pelvic girdle
provides SA for muscle attachment for leg movement
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| what does the sacrum protect? | reproductive digestive and secretory organs
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| what does the sacrum attach? | axial and appendicular skeletons via the pelvic girdle
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| how does the axial and appendicular skeletons attach in the sacrum? | via pelvic girdle
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| what is the surface area on the sacrum for? | muscle attachment for leg movement
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| coccyx? | provide SA for muscles that control anal opening
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| what has SA for muscles that control anal opening? | coccyx
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| intervertebral discs? | sit between vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
functioning as shock absorbers and joints
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| where do vertebral discs sit? | between the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
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| what do intervertebral discs function as? | shock absorbers and joints
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| how many layers do the intervertebral discs have? | 2
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| what is the external layer of intervertebral disc? | annulus fibrous
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| annulus fibrous? | external fibrocartilage layer
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| what is the internal layer of the intervertebral disc made of? | glycoproteins
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| what is the internal layer of the intervertebral disc? | nucleus pulposus
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| what happens during aging to the nucleus pulposus? | dehydrates and becomes more similar to the annulus fibrous
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| what happens when an intervertebral disc becomes misshapen? | can pinch a nerve and cause excruciating pain
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