Chp 9 - Inflammation & Dysfunctional Wound Vocab
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| Inflammation | an essential process that coordinates the protection of the body from infection
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| Phase one of acute inflammation is known as | Vascular Permeability
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| Vascular phase | Increased vascular permeability; momentary vasoconstriction
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| Phase two of acute inflammation is known as | Cellular Phase
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| Cellular phase | Cellular chemotaxis
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| Chemical mediators | substances that promote or inhibit inflammatory reactions
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| Rubor | redness
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| Calor | heat
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| Dolor | pain
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| Function laesa | loss of function
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| Fluid extravasation | fluid invading tissue
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| Purulent exudate | protein-rich pus, can be green or yellow
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| Abscess | a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate
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| Transudate | a watery, clear fluid with low protein (usually non-infectious)
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| Effusion | the accumulation of fluid in a body cavity
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| Chemotaxis | the movement of WBC's and platelets due to chemical signaling
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| Leukocytosis | an increase in the number of WBCs
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| Margination | WBC's lining up along the endothelium
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| Diapedesis | WBCs squeezing through walls of capillaries and releasing inflammatory mediators
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| Cytokines | small proteins secreted by WBCS that stop or promote inflammation
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| Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) | a cytokine produced by macrophages that stimulates the liver to release acute-phase proteins and triggers WBC phagocytosis
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| Interleukins | a cytokine produced by macrophages that also stimulates the liver to produce acute-phase proteins (APPs)
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| Chemokines | proteins that attract leukocytes to the endothelium
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| Leukocytes | WBCs
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| C-reactive protein (CRP) | an acute-phase protein that marks foreign material for phagocytosis and activates the complement system
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| Fibrinogen | an acute-phase protein that binds to red blood cells and fixes them into stacks that precipitate
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| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | a lab test that looks for active inflammation in the body
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| Serum amyloid A | an acute-phase protein that is associated with chronic inflammation
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| Amyloidosis | a rare disorder in which serum amyloid A acute-phase proteins accumulate in the body and can lead to organ failure/damage
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| Hepcidin | an acute-phase protein that indicates diminished iron storage in the body when elevated
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| Granulocytes | A class of WBCs in which granules can be seen in the cytoplasm under a microscope
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| Agranulocytes | A class of WBCs in which there are no visible granules
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| Types of granulocytes | Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
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| Types of agranulocytes | Monocytes and Lymphocytes
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| Neutrophils | a WBCs that acts as an acute first responder, initiating immediate phagocytosis
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| Phagocytosis | a respiratory burst that releases free radicals that destroy microbes
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| Neutropenia | a condition where there is a very low amount of neutrophils in the blood, often due to a chronic condition like cancer, etc.
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| Leukocytosis | an elevated number of leukocytes that occurs during cellular, chemotaxis phase
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| Leukemoid reaction | a severe elevation in leukocytes
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| Systemic response | the systemic symptoms as a result of inflammatory mediators
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| Lymphadenopathy | enlargement of lymph nodes
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| Anorexia (non- ED) | decreased appetite, a common systemic symptom of inflammation
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| Pyrogens | any substance that causes fever by activating prostaglandins
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| Prostaglandins | a type of inflammatory mediator that resets the hypothalamic temperature-regulating center and can be helpful or cause more inflammation
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| Histamine | an inflammatory mediator that is released by basophils, platelets, and mast cells and causes inflammation (allergic reactions)
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| Mast cells | a type of WBC that is located in tissues next to blood vessels and contains the richest source of histamine
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| Phospholipase | an enzyme within the phospholipid membrane that is stimulated during inflammation and breaks down phospholipids into arachidonic acid (AA)
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| Leukotrienes | an inflammatory chemical produced by WBCs that breaks arachidonic acid into good or bad prostaglandins
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| Cyclooxygenase-1 (cox-1) | an enzyme that breaks down arachidonic acid into helpful prostaglandins that stimulate mucus production, increased renal perfusion, and clotting
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| Platelet aggregation | congregation of platelets to form blood clots
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| Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) | an enzyme that breaks down arachidonic acid into inflammatory prostaglandins that cause pain, fever, and swelling
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| Lipoxygenase | a type of enzyme that break down arachidonic acids into leukotrienes
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| Leukotrines | an inflammatory chemical that promotes bronchospasm and bronchial edema (wheezing)
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| Cachexia | wasting of lean body mass due to mobilization of lipids and proteins
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| Chronic inflammation | constant inflammation for weeks or months with no resolution or healing
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| Hypersensitivity disorders | a type of chronic inflammation that results from excessive activation of the immune system
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| Anthracosis | also known as black lung, a lung condition resulting from exposure to toxic coal dust
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| Atherosclerosis | a chronic disease that can damage endothelin cells overtime due to narrowing and hardening of arterial walls from fat buildup
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| Stage 1 of wound healing | Hemostasis
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| Hemostasis | the body's way of preventing bleeding (platelet aggregation)
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| Stage 2 of wound healing | Inflammation
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| Stage 3 of wound healing | Proliferation
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| Proliferation | scar formation through fibroblasts forming collagen and granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and epithelialization
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| Epithelialization | the migration of new epithelial cells to grow in area of proliferation to fill in the gap between eound edges
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| Stage 4 of wound healing | scar tissue
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| Primary Intention | a simple, rapid type of wound closure where the edges are clearly brought together with no gaps or missing tissues
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| Secondary Intention | an extensive loss of tissue and inflammation resulting in contraction, scar formation, and a gap in tissue (wound tissue)
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| Tertiary Intention | a type of wound that is missing large amounts of deep tissue, resulting in contamination and requiring a drain and may also require skin grafting due to scarring
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| Eschar | dead tissue that sheds from healthy skin
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| Debridement | the removal of necrotic tissue to promote healing
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| Reepithelialization | the growth of new tissue
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