Mammograpgy
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| Soft Tissue Radiography | Requires different techniques from conventional radiography due to the structures subject contrast that is being imaged
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| 1920 | First attempt at mammography.
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| 1950 | First utilized low kVp and high mAs techniques.
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| 1960 | Development of xero-mammography.
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| 1990 | Screen film mammography was accepted.
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| 1991 | ACR volunteer accreditation program.
MQSA federally mandated act.
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| One of every __________ women will develop breast cancer during her life. | Eight.
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| Diagnostic Mammography | Performed on patients with symptoms.
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| Screening Mammography | - Performed as a preventative measure.
- Usually done between the ages of 40 and 49.
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| Baseline Mammogram | - Performed as the first radiographic examination of the breast so that comparisons may be made.
- Usually done before age 40, typically around age 35.
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| Fibrous Tissue | Mainly in pre-menopausal women.
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| Glandular Tissue | - Mainly in pre-menopausal women.
- The most sensitive tissue to cancer induction by radiation.
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| Adipose Tissue | Replaces fibrous and glandular tissue in postmenopausal women.
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| Mammographic Imaging System | Dedicated mammographic imaging systems are designed for flexibility in patient positioning and have an integral compression device, low-ratio grid, AEC and micro-focus x-ray tubes.
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| High Voltage Generation | - Results in 1% voltage ripple with an essentially constant potential.
- Smaller and less expensive than 3 phase equipment.
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| Target composition is composed of either: | Tungsten, Molybdenum, Rhodium.
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| Focal Spot | -Must be very small: .3 mm or .1 mm.
-Preferably round.
- Anode angle of approximately 23.
- Tube tilt of 6 degrees.
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| When the x-ray tube is ____________ in its housing, the effective focal spot is small, the x-ray intensity is more uniform, and tissue against the chest is imaged. | Tilted.
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| Filtration | - The window must be equivalent of .1 mm Al.
- Total beam filtration should not be less than .5 mm Al.
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| Heel Effect | - Due to compression the heel effect is not necessary to image the breast effectively but it is beneficial.
- An SID (60 - 80 cm) is required.
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| Vigorous ______________ must be used to provide an even tissue density to be radiographed. | Compression.
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| Compression | - The act of flattening the soft tissue to improve optical density is important.
- Improves spatial resolution and contrast resolution.
- Will also lower patient dose.
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| High Transmission Cellular Grids | - Composed of copper as grid strip material and air for interspace material.
- Uses a honeycomb design for its construction.
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| Automatic Exposure Control | - Designed to measure x-ray intensity and x-ray quality.
- Positioning of photocell depends on patient anatomy.
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| Magnification Mammography | - Investigates small suspicious lesions or micro calcifications seen on normal mammograms.
- Utilizes small focal spots of .1 mm, compression devices and patient positioning devices which gives a greater OID.
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| 4 types of mammograms: | 1. Direct-exposure film.
2. Xeroradiography.
3. Screen film radiography.
4. Digital radiography.
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| Types of Mammograms that are used today: | Screen film radiography & Digital radiography.
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| Magnification Factor | MF = SID = Image size.
SOD Object size.
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| Screen Film Mammography | - One of the methods of mammography used today.
- The use of single emulsion film with a single intensifying screen is the method of choice.
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| Screen Film Mammography: | - The emulsion surface of the film must always be next to the screen and the film must be closer to the x-ray tube than the intensifying screen.
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| Digital Mammography | - Replaces the screen and film with a scintillator attached to a charged couple device (CCD) or a thin film transistor (TFT).
- CCD and TFT converts light from scintillator plate into and electronic signal.
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| Digital Mammography: | - Electric signals are sent to the computer where it is converted into a digital format and a radiographic image is produced on the CRT.
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| Digital Mammography Tomosynthesis (DMT) | - A digital mammogram is repeated several times at various angles.
- Each image is available in digital form and may be
reconstructed as a 3D image.
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| Edge Enhancement | The accentuation of interface between different tissues.
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| Focal spot anode angle of how much? | Approximately 23.
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| Dedicated mammographic imaging systems are designed for | Flexibility in patient positioning.
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| Total beam filtration should not be less than... | .5 mm Al.
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| Positioning of photocell depends | The patient's anatomy.
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| Types of positioning photocells? | - Ionization chambers.
- Solid state diode.
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| Focal spot tube tilt of how much? | 6 degrees.
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| What three beneficial things does compression also do? | Lower patient dose, improve spatial resolution, and contrast resolution.
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| Tube Tilt | When the x-ray tube is tilted in its housing, the
effective focal spot is small, the x-ray intensity
is more uniform, and tissue against the chest is
imaged.
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| SID for Mammography | 60-80 cm.
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| What does magnification mammography use? | Utilizes small focal spots of .1 mm, compression devices and patient positioning devices which gives a greater OID.
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