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Soft Tissue Radiography
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Imaging Ch.24
Mammograpgy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Radiography | Requires different techniques from conventional radiography due to the structures subject contrast that is being imaged |
| 1920 | First attempt at mammography. |
| 1950 | First utilized low kVp and high mAs techniques. |
| 1960 | Development of xero-mammography. |
| 1990 | Screen film mammography was accepted. |
| 1991 | ACR volunteer accreditation program. MQSA federally mandated act. |
| One of every __________ women will develop breast cancer during her life. | Eight. |
| Diagnostic Mammography | Performed on patients with symptoms. |
| Screening Mammography | - Performed as a preventative measure. - Usually done between the ages of 40 and 49. |
| Baseline Mammogram | - Performed as the first radiographic examination of the breast so that comparisons may be made. - Usually done before age 40, typically around age 35. |
| Fibrous Tissue | Mainly in pre-menopausal women. |
| Glandular Tissue | - Mainly in pre-menopausal women. - The most sensitive tissue to cancer induction by radiation. |
| Adipose Tissue | Replaces fibrous and glandular tissue in postmenopausal women. |
| Mammographic Imaging System | Dedicated mammographic imaging systems are designed for flexibility in patient positioning and have an integral compression device, low-ratio grid, AEC and micro-focus x-ray tubes. |
| High Voltage Generation | - Results in 1% voltage ripple with an essentially constant potential. - Smaller and less expensive than 3 phase equipment. |
| Target composition is composed of either: | Tungsten, Molybdenum, Rhodium. |
| Focal Spot | -Must be very small: .3 mm or .1 mm. -Preferably round. - Anode angle of approximately 23. - Tube tilt of 6 degrees. |
| When the x-ray tube is ____________ in its housing, the effective focal spot is small, the x-ray intensity is more uniform, and tissue against the chest is imaged. | Tilted. |
| Filtration | - The window must be equivalent of .1 mm Al. - Total beam filtration should not be less than .5 mm Al. |
| Heel Effect | - Due to compression the heel effect is not necessary to image the breast effectively but it is beneficial. - An SID (60 - 80 cm) is required. |
| Vigorous ______________ must be used to provide an even tissue density to be radiographed. | Compression. |
| Compression | - The act of flattening the soft tissue to improve optical density is important. - Improves spatial resolution and contrast resolution. - Will also lower patient dose. |
| High Transmission Cellular Grids | - Composed of copper as grid strip material and air for interspace material. - Uses a honeycomb design for its construction. |
| Automatic Exposure Control | - Designed to measure x-ray intensity and x-ray quality. - Positioning of photocell depends on patient anatomy. |
| Magnification Mammography | - Investigates small suspicious lesions or micro calcifications seen on normal mammograms. - Utilizes small focal spots of .1 mm, compression devices and patient positioning devices which gives a greater OID. |
| 4 types of mammograms: | 1. Direct-exposure film. 2. Xeroradiography. 3. Screen film radiography. 4. Digital radiography. |
| Types of Mammograms that are used today: | Screen film radiography & Digital radiography. |
| Magnification Factor | MF = SID = Image size. SOD Object size. |
| Screen Film Mammography | - One of the methods of mammography used today. - The use of single emulsion film with a single intensifying screen is the method of choice. |
| Screen Film Mammography: | - The emulsion surface of the film must always be next to the screen and the film must be closer to the x-ray tube than the intensifying screen. |
| Digital Mammography | - Replaces the screen and film with a scintillator attached to a charged couple device (CCD) or a thin film transistor (TFT). - CCD and TFT converts light from scintillator plate into and electronic signal. |
| Digital Mammography: | - Electric signals are sent to the computer where it is converted into a digital format and a radiographic image is produced on the CRT. |
| Digital Mammography Tomosynthesis (DMT) | - A digital mammogram is repeated several times at various angles. - Each image is available in digital form and may be reconstructed as a 3D image. |
| Edge Enhancement | The accentuation of interface between different tissues. |
| Focal spot anode angle of how much? | Approximately 23. |
| Dedicated mammographic imaging systems are designed for | Flexibility in patient positioning. |
| Total beam filtration should not be less than... | .5 mm Al. |
| Positioning of photocell depends | The patient's anatomy. |
| Types of positioning photocells? | - Ionization chambers. - Solid state diode. |
| Focal spot tube tilt of how much? | 6 degrees. |
| What three beneficial things does compression also do? | Lower patient dose, improve spatial resolution, and contrast resolution. |
| Tube Tilt | When the x-ray tube is tilted in its housing, the effective focal spot is small, the x-ray intensity is more uniform, and tissue against the chest is imaged. |
| SID for Mammography | 60-80 cm. |
| What does magnification mammography use? | Utilizes small focal spots of .1 mm, compression devices and patient positioning devices which gives a greater OID. |
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sassyrad
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