Crop Science Exam 2
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| Based on annual precipitation, Alabama is in the crop region best described as | show 🗑
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| The water-use efficiency ratio for crop plants can best be described as the ratio between amount of water used and | show 🗑
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| Insect, disease and weed pests are best managed using a system of biological, cultural, chemical, and other tools otherwise known as | show 🗑
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| The primary function of sulfur in plant metabolism is | show 🗑
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| show | introduction, selection, and hybridization
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| show | dinitogen phosphate
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| show | $0.78
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| show | removal of diseased plant parts by surgery
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| In the backcross method of crop improvement the major objective is | show 🗑
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| show | determine the species and numbers of any pests present as well as the number and type of beneficial insects
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| show | Cultivator
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| show | weeds have very efficient mechanisms for reproduction and survival
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| The non-selective herbicide most often used in conjunction with GMO crops is | show 🗑
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| show | planting weed free seed
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| show | application rate and stage of weed and crop growth
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| Two major issues regarding water availability in Alabama are | show 🗑
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| Since 1900, crop yields for cotton, corn, and soybean in the US have increased | show 🗑
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| show | Nitrogen and phosphorus
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| A nonselective herbicide | show 🗑
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| show | broadleaf vs. grasses
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| show | development of new cultivars
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| The oldest and most familiar form of weed control is | show 🗑
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| Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for specific crops are based on | show 🗑
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| show | Genetically Modified Organism
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| Example of conservation tillage programs include | show 🗑
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| show | 1. the crops will get any rainfall that is to come
2. they can begin to use what moisture is already in the soil before the receive any rainfall
3. less competition
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| show | no residue burial
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| show | selective herbicieds
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| show | systemic: takes time to kill the weed, better. example: Roundup
contact: kills weeds very quickly, almost instantly, not as good
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| How to weeds compete with man for food? Give 3 ways weeds can be detrimental in a crop production system | show 🗑
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| explain how conservation tillage improves soil water holding capacity | show 🗑
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| show | less rainfall run-off, not as much toxic water runoff is able to escape
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| show | more economical, better for environment and the crop, easier to manage
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| show | weeds just like any other species can develop an immunity to these herbicides
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| of the following, the only fertilizer material that is a commercial source of both N and P is | show 🗑
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| show | poor water-holding capacity of soils, high evapotranspiration rates, and uneven seasonal rainfall distribution
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| show | a crop is grown only every two or three years to conserve soil moisture
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| One disadvantage of ridge-tillage systems is | show 🗑
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| The major function of the subsoiler or chisel plow is to | show 🗑
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| An example of the disease management principle of protection is | show 🗑
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| show | flour
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| Cultivated corn has its origins in | show 🗑
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| In order to qualify as conservation tillage, a field must have | show 🗑
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| A very popular method of crop improvement, used most often to improve an established cultivar for a single, specific, simply-inherited trait is | show 🗑
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| show | fungi
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| Among others, one of the major difference between domesticated plants (crops) and undomesticated plants (weeds and wild plant species) is | show 🗑
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| the two most critical factors in determining effectiveness of a herbicide treatment are | show 🗑
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| show | Muritate of potash, Potassium chloride (KCl)
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| show | identification of pest and any beneficial species that may be present
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| show | selection pressure creates insecticide resistant insect genotypes, beneficial insects as well as pest insects are killed, and it is harmful to the environment (birds, rabbits, humans)
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| show | genetically-engineered tolerance to herbicides and production of insecticides
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| show | all cultivated types are marked F1 hybrids
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| show | better moisture retention by the soil
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| Herbicides can be grouped largely as either systemic or | show 🗑
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| show | lack of trained plant breeders
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| show | the equivalent of 5lbs N, 10lbs P20, and 15lbs K20
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| Two possible consequences of excessive cultivation in crops are | show 🗑
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| show | 1. prepare for seedbeds
2. bury crop debris
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| Give an example of a primary tillage implement | show 🗑
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| show | disk harrows
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| show | mowing
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| Give and example of a selective herbicide | show 🗑
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| show | Ammonium Nitrate
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| Explain the difference between preplant and post emerge herbicide | show 🗑
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| how does conservation tillage reduce soil compaction | show 🗑
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| how does conservation tillage reduce fuel requirements | show 🗑
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| show | increase organic matter so that soil will hold more water
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| show | leaving organic matter, using less pesticides
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| how does conservation tillage help remove CO2 from the atmosphere | show 🗑
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| show | discovered in the 1860s he could grow plants successfully in a mixture of 3 salts: Calcium Nitrate, Potassium Phosphate, and Magnesium Sulfate
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| Functions of C, H, and O | show 🗑
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| show | constituent of chlorphyll, in all amino acids and also in DNA
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| Function of P | show 🗑
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| show | exists in the plant primarily in ionic form, functions in electrolyte balance, manages the opening and closing of stomates
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| Function of Ca | show 🗑
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| Function of Mg | show 🗑
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| Function of S | show 🗑
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| show | source of nitrogen. Gas. 82% N you can inject this into the soil. relatively cheap and easy to handle, generally only for crop fields, mainly for corn
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| show | soild source of nitrogen, 46% N, injected into the soil
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| Ammonium Nitrate | show 🗑
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| Sources of Phosphorus | show 🗑
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| show | % N, % P2O5, %K2O
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| show | muriate of potash, potassium sulfate (used for plants sensitive to chlorine)
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| show | to prepare the seedbed, manage weeds, diseases and insect pests, incorporate residues, and level land
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| show | essentially a triple wedge, forced through the soil to invert the upper 6-8 inches completely, burying all plant debris. Soil conditions must be right, too moist or too dry does not get plowed efficiently. usually results in 100% residue burial
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| Disk Plow | show 🗑
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| show | deep tillage, but does so in a way to disturb the soil surface in the least possible way. had a large energy requirement
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| Disking Harrows | show 🗑
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| Cultivation and Cultivators | show 🗑
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| show | caused by large equipment and too many trips over the soil. causes poor root penetration, poor water infiltration, excess water runoff, water logged top soil, and lower yields
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| show | deep tillage, particularly deeper than normal, using a subsoiler or chisel plow
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| show | leaving crop debris on the surface, instead of incorporating as in a conventional tillage program
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| No till | show 🗑
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| strip till | show 🗑
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| show | growing crops in pre-formed ridges alternated with debris
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| show | reduces labor and saves time. Saves fuel, reduces machinery wear, improves soil tilth, traps soil moisture, reduces soil erosion, provides cover for wildlife, improves air quality
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| Estimating percentage residue cover | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages of reduced tillage | show 🗑
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| Weeds | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Competition for water, sunlight, and nutrients
2. Lower crop quality
3. Serve as hosts for diseases and insects
4. Decrease land values
5. Can cause livestock injury
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| show | 1. Perennial vs. Annuals
2. Broadleaf vs. Grasses
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| Preventative Weed Management | show 🗑
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| Crop Competition Weed Management | show 🗑
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| show | introduce pest of the weed into the field. diseases, insect pests, etc.
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| show | oldest and most familiar method. hand weeding, using a hoe. mechanical cultivation
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| show | saves a lot of labor. classified by selectivity
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| show | only kills certain plants. Examples: 2, 4D, Simazine, and Treflan
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| show | chemicals designed to kill any plant. examples: Roundup and Gramoxone
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| show | kills by getting on leaf tissue and being translocated throughout the plant. Good for perennials. Example: Roundup
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| Contact Chemical Control | show 🗑
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| show | keeping diseases out. Agricultural customs at state and country borders. Quarantines for plants and animals
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| Eradication | show 🗑
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| Therapy | show 🗑
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| Resistance (genetic) | show 🗑
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| show | doing something to specifically protect a plant from a known disease in a localized area. example: seed treatment
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| show | if you have a disease in a certain field, don't plant crops that are susceptible to that disease. Also pay attention to planting date to avoid the plant being infected
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| Insects | show 🗑
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| Biological Control of Insects | show 🗑
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| show | infect lepidoptera and worms, you can genetically engineer this into the plant and kill the lepidoptera and worm that tries to eat it
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| show | common in corn and cotton. Tobacco was the first plant genetically engineered this way
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| show | antibiosis: feeding on the plant causes physical harm to the insect. example, Hessian fly resistance in wheat
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| show | chief way of fighting insect infestations in some crops
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| show | caused serious ecological problems because insects and animals share certain physiological characteristics
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| show | integrating many different strategies to manage a pest. focuses on long term management/prevention of pests.
1. Identify the pest, and beneficial insects/organisms that may be present
2. Determination of economic threshold
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| Contributions of Plant Breeding | show 🗑
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| show | Introduction, Selection, Hybridization
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| show | basically, exhausted as a tool except in unusual circumstances for most crops, less so for forages, cover crops and turf
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| show | the selection of superior plant types from larger populations, usually used in conjunction with hybridization
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| show | the sexual crossing of plants to generate new genetic combinations
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| Pedigree Selection | show 🗑
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| Backcross Method | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Cultivar Development
2. Germplasm Enhancement
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| Cultivar Development | show 🗑
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| show |
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