A review of United States History to 1877.
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| Coastal Plain | Located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico with Broad lowlands providing many excellent harbors
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| Appalachian Highlands | Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in North America)
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| Canadian Shield | Wrapped around the Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape
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| Interior Lowland | Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills
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| Great Plains | Flat lands that gradually increase in elevation westward; grasslands
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| Rocky Mountains | Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost to Mexico; high elevations
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| the Continental Divide | determines the directional flow of rivers
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| Basin and Range | Located west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades Varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges
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| Death Valley | the lowest point in North America
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| Coastal Range | Located along the Pacific Coast, stretching from California to Canada Rugged mountains and fertile valleys
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| The Atlantic Ocean | served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants.
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| The Ohio River | was the gateway to the west.
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| Inland port cities | grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes.
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| The Mississippi and Missouri rivers were used to | transport farm and industrial products. They were links to United States ports and other parts of the world.The Columbia River
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| The Colorado River | was explored by the Spanish.
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| The Rio Grande | forms the border with Mexico.
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| The Gulf of Mexico | provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America.
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| The St. Lawrence River | forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
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| Cactus Hill | is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia.
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| People lived in Cactus Hill as early as | 18,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest archaeological sites in North America.
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| Inuit | inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year.
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| Kwakiutl | homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate.
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| Lakota people | inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains, which is characterized by dry grasslands.
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| Pueblo tribes | inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains.
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| Iroquois homeland includes | northeast North America, called the Eastern Woodlands, which is heavily forested.
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| Natural resources | Things that come directly from nature
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| Human resources | People working to produce goods and services
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| Capital resources | Goods produced and used to make other goods and services
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| Obstacles to the explorations | includes trying to understand Cherokee, Chickataw, Inuit, Sioux and Seminole languages.
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| Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became powerful by | controlling trade in West Africa.
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| The Portuguese | carried goods from Europe to West African empires, trading metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods for gold
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| Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) | was established as an economic venture.
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| Jamestown Settlement, | the first permanent English settlement in North America (1607), was an economic venture by the Virginia Company.
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| Plymouth Colony | was settled by separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution.
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| Massachusetts Bay Colony | was settled by the Puritans to avoid religious persecution.
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| Pennsylvania | was settled by the Quakers, who wanted freedom to practice their faith without interference.
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| Georgia | was settled by people who had been in debtors’ prisons in England. They hoped to experience economic freedom and start a new life in the New World.
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| King George III: | British king during the Revolutionary era
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| Lord Cornwallis: | British general who surrendered at Yorktown
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| John Adams: | Championed the cause of independence
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| George Washington: | Commander of the Continental Army
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| Thomas Jefferson: | Major author of the Declaration of Independence
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| Patrick Henry: | Outspoken member of the House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with his “Give me liberty or give me death” speech
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| Benjamin Franklin: | Prominent member of the Continental Congress; helped frame the Declaration of Independence; helped gain French support for American independence
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| Phillis Wheatley: | Enslaved African American who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence and who eventually gained her freedom
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| Paul Revere: | Patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British arrival
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| Boston Massacre: | Colonists in Boston were shot after taunting British soldiers.
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| Boston Tea Party: | Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes.
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| First Continental Congress: | Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Great Britain and to promote independence.
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| Battles at Lexington and Concord: | The first armed conflicts of the Revolutionary War
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| Approval of the Declaration of Independence: | The colonies declared independence from Great Britain (July 4, 1776).
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| Battle of Saratoga: | This American victory was the turning point in the war.
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| Surrender at Yorktown: | This was the colonial victory over forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked the end of the Revolutionary War.
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| Signing of the Treaty of Paris: | Great Britain recognized American independence in this treaty.
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| Colonial advantages | Some colonists’ defense of their own land, principles, and beliefs and Additional support from France
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| The Great Compromise | decided how many votes each state would have in the Senate and the House of Representatives.
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| The structure of the new national government included | three separate branches of government:
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| Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to | the effort to draft a new constitution.
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| The Bill of Rights | Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson)
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| Louisiana Purchase | Jefferson bought land from France (the Louisiana Purchase), which doubled the size of the United States.
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| In the Lewis and Clark expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory | from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
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| Florida | Spain gave this to the United States through a treaty.
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| Texas | was added to the United States after it became an independent republic.
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| Oregon | This Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain.
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| California | War with Mexico resulted in this and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States.
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| “Manifest Destiny” | the idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country
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| The cotton gin was invented by | Eli Whitney. It increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton.
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| Jo Anderson (an enslaved African American) and Cyrus McCormick | worked to invent the reaper. McCormick was an entrepreneur who brought the reaper to market. The reaper increased the productivity of the American farmer.
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| The steamboat was improved by the entrepreneur | Robert Fulton.
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| The steam locomotive | provided faster land transportation.
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act: | People in each state would decide the slavery issue (“popular sovereignty”).
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| Missouri Compromise (1820): | Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; Maine entered the Union as a free state.
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| Border states (slave states) | Delaware Maryland Kentucky & Missouri
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| Abraham Lincoln | Opposed the spread of slavery and Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
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| Jefferson Davis | Was president of the Confederate States of America
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| Ulysses S. Grant | Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee
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| Robert E. Lee | Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia and Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on
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| Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson | Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia
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| Frederick Douglass | Was an enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist
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| The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C., | began the war.
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| The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) | was the first major battle.
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| The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation | made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the war. Many freed African Americans joined the Union army.
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| The Battle of Vicksburg | divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River.
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| The Battle of Gettysburg | was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee’s invasion.
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| Lee’s surrender to Grant | at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war.
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| Disease | was a major killer.
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| Benjamin Banneker | African American surveyor who helped design the plans for Washington DC.
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| Spain: Francisco Coronado | claimed the Southwest of the present-day United States for Spain.
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| France: Samuel de Champlain | established the French settlement of Québec.
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| Robert La Salle | claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France.
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| England: | John Cabot explored eastern Canada.
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| The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along | the coast of West Africa.
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| Articles of Confederation | Provided for a weak national government & Gave Congress no power to tax
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| The first ten amendments to the Constitution provide | a written guarantee of individual rights (e.g., freedom of speech, freedom of religion).
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| George Washington | Federal court system was established & The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution of the United States of America.
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| Benjamin Banneker, an African American astronomer and surveyor, | helped complete the design for the city.
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| John Adams | A two-party system emerged during his administration.
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| Thomas Jefferson | He bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase).
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| Lewis and Clark explored | new land west of the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
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| James Madison | The War of l812 caused European nations to gain respect for the United States.
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| James Monroe | He introduced the Monroe Doctrine
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| Monroe Doctrine | a warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
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| Which groups settled New England | Puritans and Pilgrims
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| Most individuals settling in Virginia were seeking | economic opportunities.
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| Which colony did the Virginia Company of London establish in 1607? | Jamestown
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| The primary pull factors for European colonization in North America was | religious freedom and economic opportunities.
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| The American Indian view of interaction with English settlers | The American Indians worried about food sources for the future.
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| The New England region is present day | Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island
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| The Middle Atlantic region is present day | Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
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| The Southern region is present day | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
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| The New England region products & commerce include | lumber, shipbuilding, trade, molasses, fur trade, fishing, and subsistence farming
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| The Middle Atlantic region products & commerce include | shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trade
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| The Southern region products & commerce include | cash-crops, indigo, rice, tobacco, and plantations
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| New England's reason for settlement was | religious freedom
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| Middle Atlantic's reason for settlement was | economic opportunity and religious freedom
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| The Southern region's reason for settlement was | economic opportunity and business venture (Virginia Company of London)
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| What groups of people made up the New England region. | Pilgrims and Puritans
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| The economy of the New England colonies was partially based | on shipbuilding and fishing
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| The economy of the middle colonies was based primarily on | small-scale farming, shipbuilding, and trade.
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| The colonial region whose economy was based on shipbuilding, lumbering, and small-scale subsistence farming was | the New England
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| Why was slavery most predominant in the Southern colonies? | Large-scale agriculture required extensive labor
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| In an attempt to prevent conflict between the colonists and the Indians, Britain issued | the Proclamation of 1763. This act prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists were angered by it and ignored it
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| In time, colonization led to ideas of representative ________ and religious ________ that over several centuries would inspire similar transformations in other parts of the world. | government, tolerance
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| New England colonies used ______ in the operation of government. | town meetings
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| Virginia and the other Southern colonies had a social structure based on | family status and the ownership of land.
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| The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required _______ labor on a large scale. | cheap
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| Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be satisfied by the | forcible importation of Africans.
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| To help cover the costs of the French and Indian War, the British imposed taxes on the colonists. | Stamp Act, 1765
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| All colonies except ____ sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. This Congress issued as its final resolution called the ______. | Georgia, The Declaration of Resolves. King George III ordered British troops to put down the rebellion.
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| On April 19, 1775, Minutemen and British troops met at _______. Shots were fired, and ___ colonists were killed. More fighting broke out as the British moved on to _____ . At least 273 British soldiers were killed or wounded on the march back to ___ . | Lexington, Massachusetts. eight, Concord, Boston
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| Patriots remained loyal to Britain and agreed with taxation as a means of paying for Britain protecting settlers from Indian attacks, for covering the cost of administering the Empire, and for defending against a French comeback. | Loyalist
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| Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called _____ in January of 1776. This pamphlet challenged the King of England’s rule of the colonies. It also shifted the focus of colonial anger from the Parliament to the Crown. | Common Sense
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| Which English immigrant challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England in a pamphlet called Common Sense? | Thomas Paine
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| The American Revolution began with a battle between British and colonial troops at | Lexington and Concord
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| The contribution of which country’s army and navy helped the colonists win the American Revolution? | France
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| Which are the key principles of the Declaration of Independence? | Equality, Liberty, Constraint
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| According to Locke, if a government failed to fulfill its social contract with its citizens, | they could overthrow the government for a new one.
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| "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." is a quote from | Declaration of Independence
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| Why was George Washington important to the American Revolution? | He was a strong commander of the Continental Army.
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| The Articles of Confederation was unsuccessful as a government system because | it established a weak national government
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| The author of the Bill of Rights and the "Virginia Plan" proposing a federal government with three branches was | James Madison
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| The concepts used when drafting the Bill of Rights were derived from which documents? | Virginia Declaration of Rights and Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
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| The Bill of Rights can be described as | a written guarantee of individual rights.
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| In a federal system of government, power is shared between | the state and national levels of government.
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| In the government provided by the Articles of Confederation, | states had one vote regardless of size.
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| Describe the Missouri Compromise | Missouri was to enter as a slave state, and Maine was to enter as a free state. A line was to be drawn along the southern border of Missouri, and the extension of slavery into territories north of this line was to be forbidden.
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| Describe the Compromise of 1850 | California would enter as a free state. Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico territories.
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| Describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act | The issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska.
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| The Louisiana Purchase, | acquired during the administration of Thomas Jefferson, doubled the size of the United States.
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| Which region was most opposed to high protective tariffs? | the South
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| Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel that inflamed Northern abolitionist sentiment, was written by | Harriet Beecher Stowe.
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| April 9, 1865: Generals ____ and ____ met at a farmhouse in Appomattox, Virginia, to sign the agreement that would end the Civil War. | Grant, Lee
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| President of the United States during the Civil War; insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary | Abraham Lincoln
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| U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of America | Jefferson Davis
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| Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed | Ulysses S. Grant
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| Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force); urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again. | Robert E. Lee
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| Former enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army | Frederick Douglass
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| Lincoln believed America was not a _______, but a whole country that could not be divided. | collection of states.
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| In November 1863, President Lincoln dedicated a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield. The speech he gave at the dedication has become known as the | Gettysburg Address.
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| The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, began July 1, 1863. A total of 51,000 Union and Confederate soldiers lost their lives in this battle. The Union victory at Gettysburg was ___________________. | a turning point of the war.
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| April 12, 1861: ________ forces fired on Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina, harbor. | Confederate
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| April 14, 1865: just a few days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, Abraham Lincoln was | assassinated.
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| The South lay in ruins following the Civil War. It would take ______ for the Southern economy and infrastructure to recover. | decades
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| The opening conflict of the Civil War was at | Fort Sumter.
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| Which former slave became a prominent abolitionist and encouraged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight for the Union? | Frederick Douglass
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| The Emancipation Proclamation was issued after the battle of | Antietam.
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| "I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; . . . The excerpt above is from which important document? | Emancipation Proclamation
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| President Lincoln believed it is ___________ for states to secede. | illegal
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| The Civil War ended at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, | 1865.
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| Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to | General Grant
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