CARDIO M6 TEST 4
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| define aneurysm | a localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel
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| define angina pectoris | paroxysmal (sudden attack) thoracic chest pain, pressure and choking feeling caused by decreased oxygen to the myocardium
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| define arteriosclerosis | arterial disorder characterized by loss of elasticity, thickening, and calcification of the arterial walls, resulting in a decreased blood supply
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| define atherosclerosis | arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris used in the inner layers of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries
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| define bradycardia | slow heart rhythm characterized by a pulse less than 60 bpm
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| define cardioversion | restoration of the heart's normal sinus rhythm by delivery of a synchronized electric shock or two paddles placed on the patient's chest
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| defining coronary artery disease CAD | conditions that obstruct blood flow in the coronary arteries
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| define defibrillation | converting ventricular fibrillation by delivering a direct electrical counter shock to the precordium
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| define dysrhythmia | any cardiac rhythm that is not normal sinus rhythm. Also called arrhythmia
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| define embolus | a foreign object, piece of tissue or tumor, air or gas, or a thrombus that travels in the circulatory system until it becomes stuck in a vessel
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| define endarterectomy | surgical removal of the intimal lining of the artery
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| define heart failure | syndrome of circulatory congestion due to the hearts inability to act as an effective pump
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| define hypoxemia | an abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood
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| define intermittent claudication | a weakness of the legs accompanied by cramp like pain in the calves caused by decreased arterial blood circulation to the leg muscles
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| define ischemia | decreased blood supply to a body organ or part often marked by pain and organ dysfunction
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| define myocardial infarction MI | necrosis of a portion of the cardiac muscle caused by an occlusion of a major coronary artery or one of its branches
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| define occlusion | abstraction or closing off in a canal, vessel, or passage of the body
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| define orthopnea | patient must sit up or stand to breathe deeply and comfortably
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| define peripheral | pertaining to the outside surface or surrounding area
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| define pleural effusion | an accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal layers
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| define polycythemia | an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
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| define pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid and lung tissues and alveoli; most commonly caused by left-sided heart failure
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| define tachycardia | the heart rate of greater than 100 bpm
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| what muscular organ is hollow has four chambers and has a lower border called the apex and an upper border called the base | the heart
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| what are the three layers of the heart wall | the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| what is the pericardium | a two-part membrane which is the outside layer of the heart( made up of the pericardium and endocardium which are two thin membranes with serous fluid)
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| what is the myocardium | it is the cardiac muscle
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| what is the endocardium | lining of the inner surfaces of the chambers of the heart
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| what are the four heart chambers | right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle
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| what are the atrioventricular valves | the tricuspid valve and mitral valve
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| what are the semi lunar valves | pulmonary valve and aortic valve
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| what is the upper right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava, and from the heart via the coronary sinus | the right atrium
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| what is the lower right chamber of the heart that receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve. It also pumps blood to the lungs through the whole pulmonic valve via the pulmonary arteries | the right ventricle
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| what is the upper left chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins | the left atrium
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| what is in the lower left chamber of the heart the receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve. Most muscular section of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to all parts of the body | the left ventricle
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| the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through what valve | pulmonic valve
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| what are the three main types of blood vessels | the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins
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| define arteries | vessels carrying blood away from the heart
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| define capillaries | tiny blood vessels joining arterioles and venules
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| define veins | vessels that carry blood to the heart
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| what is coronary circulation | the heart's blood supply via the right and left coronary arteries that branch from the aorta just about the aortic valve
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| what structures and circle the heart like a crown and perfuse to the myocardium with the needed oxygen and nutrients | the right and left coronary arteries
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| what sections of the heart is the right coronary artery perfuse | the right atrium and right ventricle and the posterior of the left ventricle
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| what sections of the heart does the left coronary arterie supply blood to | anterior and lateral wall of the left ventricle the apex of the left ventricle and the left atrium
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| blood containing CO2 and waste products flow into coronary veins to the coronary sinus which finally empties into what | the right atrium
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| what is systemic circulation | circulating blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium, carries oxygen and nutrients to all body tissues and removes products of metabolism
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| what is pulmonary circulation | circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart
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| the right and left coronary arteries branch off what blood vessel | the aorta
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| what is automaticity pertaining to the heart | an inherent ability of the heart muscle tissue to contract in a rhythmic pattern
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| what is irritability relating to the heart | the ability of the heart muscle tissue to respond to stimulus
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| this is located in the superior portion of the right atrium it is the pacemaker of the heart and causes contraction of the atrial | the Sinoatrial node
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| located in the base of the right atrium, receives impulses from the AV node, the delay of the impulse allows the right and left atrium to complete contract | the atrioventricular node
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| this structure is located in the interventricular septum with branches extending to all parts of the ventricle walls | the bundle of his(atrioventricular bundle)
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| the left and right bundle branches divide into smaller branches that surround the ventricles and cause the contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje fibers
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| what is a cardiac cycle | a complete heartbeat, complete diastole and systole of both atria and ventricles constitute a cardiac cycle
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| what is a systole | the phase of contraction begins with closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, this produces the lubb sound
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| what is a diastole | phase of relaxation begins with closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves, produces the dubb sound
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| the SA node is located where | the superior portion of the right atrium
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| what diagnostic test illustrates heart size shape and position, the outline of shadows and the lung abnormalities are also shown | the chest radiographic, chest x-ray
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| what diagnostic test is a motion radiograph that allows the observation of movement | fluoroscopy
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| what diagnostic test involves a series of radiograph taken after injection of radiopaque dye into an artery, helpful and diagnosis of occlusion aneurysm and other congenital arterial abnormalities | angiogram
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| what diagnostic test is used to visualize the heart chambers and valves great vessels and coronary arteries | cardiac catheterization
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| what are some uses for cardiac catheterization | diagnosis of cardiac pathology, measure pressures within the heart, cardiac competence, valvular defects, coronary blockage and occlusion with iodine dye
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| before using iodine contrast dye what must be determined | sensitivity or allergies
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| after what procedure will the patient lay supine for a designated period of time and pressure will be applied over the insertion site (artery) to prevent hemorrhage | cardiac catheterization
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| what is an electrocardiogram | a graphic study of the electrical activities of the myocardium to determine transmission of cardiac impulse through the conduction tissue
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| who reads and interprets an ECG | a cardiac specialist MDs or a cardiologist
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| what device is used for outpatient monitoring for periods of 12,24 or 48 hour. Use for patients whose clinical symptoms indicate cardiac disease but may have a normal ECG on a resting test | ambulatory ECG or Holter monitor
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| what is used to continually monitor electrical activity of patients who are known or suspected to have dysrhythmias | a heart monitor
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| what is telemetry | a remote location that monitors patients via a transmitter placed in the patient's pocket. The signals are sent to a central location where a trained technician or nurse monitors the cardiac activities
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| what is an exercise stress test | a test conducted in a laboratory setting used to test cardiac function during exertion( treadmills, bicycling, stair climbing) by the patient
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| what is thallium scanning | the radioisotope thallium is injected intravenously and the heart and coronary circulation is assessed using a scanning camera. This procedure is usually combined with the exercise stress test
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| what is an echocardiography | an ultrasound directed at the heart and is used to show size, shape, motion and ejection fraction( cardiac output)
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| what is a CBC | complete blood count, a determination of the number of red and white blood cells, as well as white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
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| what our coagulation studies | studies used to monitor patients receiving and back regulation drug therapy, these studies include prothrombin time, partial prothrombin time, and international normalized ration
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| what are cardiac enzymes | proteins released into the blood and large quantities from the necrotic heart muscles following a myocardial infarction
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| what are the proteins in a cardiac enzyme test | creatine kinase, creatine phosphokinase, and troponin I
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| what is the most cardiac specific enzyme and is considered the gold standard of cardiac enzymes | troponin I
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| hypertension or high blood pressure occurs when a sustained elevation of: | systolic arterial pressure of 140 mmhg or higher, diastolic arterial pressure of 90 mmhg or greater, or both
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| when diagnosing hypertension when are readings taken? | two separate readings on two separate occasions, based on the average
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| what is normal blood pressure | systolic < 120 mmhg and diastolic < 80 mmhg
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| what blood pressure is considered prehypertension | 120-139/80-89
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| what blood pressure is stage I hypertension | 140-159/90-99
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| what blood pressure is stage II hypertension | >160/>100
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| what is systolic blood pressure? | the greatest force caused by the contraction of the left ventricle
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| what is diastolic blood pressure? | the relaxation phase between heartbeats
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| what is arterial blood pressure? | the pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls
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| blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance play an important role in what? | regulating blood pressure
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| peripheral vascular resistance is affected by the what? | diameter of the blood vessel and the viscosity of the blood
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| the most common factor in hypertension is what? | vasoconstriction or narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels
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| how does the sympathetic nervous system increase blood pressure? | by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine that results in vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance
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| how does the renal system increase blood pressure? | the renin angiotensin system
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| how does the renin angiotensin system work? | renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I, ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor which also causes the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, aldosterone caues sodium and water to stay in the body
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| what causes renin to be released? | the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects pressure changes in the nephrons, when the pressure is low causing filtration to be ineffective renin is released
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| where does angiotensin come from? | the liver, angiotensin does not increase blood pressure until changed by renin to angiotensin I which has minor effects on BP, angiotensin II has major effects on BP
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| how does angiotensin I become angiotensin II | happens mainly in the lungs via the action of another molecule called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
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| what is primary (essential) hypertension | high BP, the cause is unknown and has to be treated with medication for life. contributing factors are arteriolar changes, sympathetic nervous system activation, hormonal influence(renin angiotensin aldosterone system). constitues 90-95% of HTN
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| what are some non modifiable risk factors for HTN | age risk increases past 30, race risk 2x higher in blacks than whites, gender men more than women, family history risk increases with + FHx
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| what are some modifiable risk factors for HTN | smoking, obesity, high sodium diet, cholesterol intake, contraceptives/estrogen may contribute to BP, alcohol, stress, sedentary life
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| what does smoking do to increase HTN? | nicotine vasoconstricts
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| how does alcohol increase HTN? | catecholamines leads to blood vessel constriction
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| what happens with untreated prolonged HTN? | elastic tissue in the arterioles replaced by fibrous tissue, causes decreased perfusion
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| how does high blood pressure increase the workload of the heart? | damages the arteries and causes increased resistance of the arterioles to the flow of blood
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| what is secondary HTN? | attributed to indentifiable medical diagnosis, likely to subside when underlying condition is corrected
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| what are some conditions associated with secondary HTN? | renal vascular disease, adrenal cortex disease (cushings, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma) pregnancy, head trauma or tumor
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